tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84700669929851676182024-03-13T11:52:50.088-07:00INDIAN COMICSHi Friends the purpose of this blog is to make communication between those people who are comic crazy. and for sharing information about Indian comics, artist, writer, history and many more. so that we can have a common platform for us. usman.max@gmail.comSanthalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.comBlogger381125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-60733669130544940832021-07-25T23:12:00.003-07:002021-07-25T23:12:30.740-07:00Jim Hawkins<p> <b style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Jim Hawkins</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">is a</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_character" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fictional character">fictional character</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">'s 1883 novel</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PGTI_1-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_(character)#cite_note-PGTI-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">He is both the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and main</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrator" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Narrator">narrator</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">of the story.</span></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; display: table; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="direction: ltr; display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_(character)#Appearances" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Appearances</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_(character)#Adaptations" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Adaptations</span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_(character)#Treasure_Planet_version" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Treasure Planet</i> version</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_(character)#References" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_(character)#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Appearances">Appearances</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Hawkins_(character)&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Appearances">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">At the start of the novel, Jim works at his family's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inn">inn</a>. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Customer">patron</a> of the inn, former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swashbuckler" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Swashbuckler">swashbuckler</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bones" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Billy Bones">Billy Bones</a>, receives the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Spot_(Treasure_Island)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black Spot (Treasure Island)">Black Spot</a>, a pirates' summons, with the warning that he has until ten o'clock, and he drops dead of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplexy" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a> on the spot. In the dead man's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaman%27s_chest" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seaman's chest">sea chest</a>, Jim and his mother find an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilskin" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oilskin">oilskin</a> packet, which contains a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logbook" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Logbook">logbook</a> detailing the treasure looted during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Flint" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a>'s career, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_map" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure map">detailed map of an island</a>, with the location of Flint's treasure caches marked on it. Squire Trelawney immediately plans to outfit a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_vessel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sailing vessel">sailing vessel</a> to hunt the treasure down, with the help of Dr. Livesey and Jim.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">When Jim goes to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and visits <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Silver" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a> at the Spy Glass tavern, his suspicions are immediately aroused: Silver is missing a leg, like the man Bones warned him about. But Silver manages to win Jim's trust. Despite Captain Smollett's misgivings about the mission and Silver's hand-picked crew, the <i>Hispaniola</i> sets sail for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. As they near their destination, Jim crawls into the ship's apple barrel to get some apples. While inside, he overhears Silver talking secretly with some of the other crewmen. Silver admits that he was Captain Flint's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quartermaster">quartermaster</a> and that several of the other crew were also once Flint's men, and he is recruiting more men from the crew to his own side. After Flint's treasure is recovered, Silver intends to murder the <i>Hispaniola's</i> officers and keep the loot for himself and his men. Once the pirates return to their <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthing" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Berthing">berths</a>, Jim warns Smollett, Trelawney, and Livesey of the impending <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="">mutiny</a>.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">When they reach the island, the bulk of Silver's men go ashore immediately. Although Jim is not yet aware of this, Silver's men have given Silver the Black Spot and demanded to seize the treasure immediately, discarding Silver's own more careful plan to postpone any open mutiny or violence until after the treasure is safely aboard. Jim lands with Silver's men but runs away from them almost as soon as he is ashore. Hiding in the woods, Jim sees Silver murder Tom, a crewman loyal to Smollett. Running for his life, he encounters <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gunn_(Treasure_Island)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)">Ben Gunn</a>, another ex-crewman of Flint's who has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marooning" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marooning">marooned</a> three years on the island but who treats Jim kindly in return for a chance to return to civilization. Later, Jim joins Trelawney, Livesey, and their men at an abandoned, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fortification">fortified</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockade" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stockade">stockade</a> on the island. Silver and his pirates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_(military)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Offensive (military)">assault</a> the stockade but are repulsed in a furious battle.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Under cover of darkness, Jim sneaks out of the stockade, takes Ben Gunn's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracle" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coracle">coracle</a>, and approaches the <i>Hispaniola</i>. He cuts the ship's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anchor">anchor</a> cable, setting her adrift and out of reach of the pirates on shore. After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dawn">daybreak</a>, he manages to approach the schooner again and board her. Of the two pirates left aboard, only one is still alive: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxswain" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coxswain">coxswain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Hands" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a>, who agrees to help Jim helm the ship to a safe <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beach">beach</a> in exchange for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_treatment" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medical treatment">medical treatment</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brandy">brandy</a>. Once the ship approaches the beach, however, Hands attempts to murder Jim, who shoots him in self defense.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The following day, the enraged pirates turn on Silver and Jim, but Ben Gunn, Dr. Livesey, and his men <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ambush">ambush</a> the pirates, killing two and dispersing the rest. Silver surrenders to Dr. Livesey, promising to return to duty. They go to Ben Gunn's cave home, where Gunn has hidden the treasure for some months. The treasure is divided. One night Silver abandons the ship with some bags of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gold">gold</a>. Jim says that he still has nightmares in which he can hear Silver's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parrot">parrot</a> screaming, "Pieces of eight!"</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Adaptations">Adaptations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Hawkins_(character)&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Adaptations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Among the actors who played Jim Hawkins in each adaptation of <i>Treasure Island</i> are:</p><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 839px;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;">Film</caption><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Version</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Actor</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1918_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1918 film)">1918 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Francis Carpenter</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1920_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1920 film)">1920 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Mason_(actress)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shirley Mason (actress)">Shirley Mason</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1934_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1934 film)">1934 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Cooper" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jackie Cooper">Jackie Cooper</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasure_Island_(1937_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1937 film) (page does not exist)">1937 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Pugacheva&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claudia Pugacheva (page does not exist)">Claudia Pugacheva</a> (as Jenny Hawkins)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1950_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1950 film)">1950 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Driscoll" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bobby Driscoll">Bobby Driscoll</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Long John Silver (film)">Long John Silver</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Taylor" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kit Taylor">Kit Taylor</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_(1954_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Return to Treasure Island (1954 film)">1954 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Addams" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dawn Addams">Dawn Addams</a> (as Jamie Hawkins)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1971_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1971 film)">1971 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aare_Laanemets" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aare Laanemets">Aare Laanemets</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Treasure_Island" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animal Treasure Island">1971 film featuring the characters as animals</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minori_Matsushima" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minori Matsushima">Minori Matsushima</a> (voice)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Lou_Watt" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Billie Lou Watt">Billie Lou Watt</a> (voice, English dub)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1972_live-action_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1972 live-action film)">1972 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Burfield" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kim Burfield">Kim Burfield</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1972_animated_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1972 animated film)">1972 animated film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Jones_(musician)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Davy Jones (musician)">Davy Jones</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1982_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1982 film)">1982 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Stukov&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fyodor Stukov (page does not exist)">Fyodor Stukov</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1985_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1985 film)">1985 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvil_Poupaud" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Melvil Poupaud">Melvil Poupaud</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasure_Island_(1987_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1987 film) (page does not exist)">1987 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Boyce" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Todd Boyce">Todd Boyce</a> (voice)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1978_TV_series)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1978 TV series)">1987 compilation film of the 1978 TV series</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masako_Nozawa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Masako Nozawa">Masako Nozawa</a> (voice, child)<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyuu_Horiuchi" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kenyuu Horiuchi">Kenyuu Horiuchi</a> (voice, adult)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Mendez" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erica Mendez">Erica Mendez</a> (voice, child, English dub)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Yong_Bosch" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johnny Yong Bosch">Johnny Yong Bosch</a> (voice, adult, English dub)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1988_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1988 film)">1988 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valery_Bessarab&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Valery Bessarab (page does not exist)">Valery Bessarab</a> (voice)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1990_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1990 film)">1990 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bale" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muppet Treasure Island">1996 Muppets film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bishop" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kevin Bishop">Kevin Bishop</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1999_film)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1999 film)">1999 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Zegers" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kevin Zegers">Kevin Zegers</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Planet" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a> (voice)<br /><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Majors&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Austin Majors (page does not exist)">Austin Majors</a> (voice, young)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_Treasure_Island" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pirates of Treasure Island">2006 film</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Nagel" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tom Nagel">Tom Nagel</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 839px;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;">Television</caption><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Version</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Actor</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Long_John_Silver" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Adventures of Long John Silver">The Adventures of Long John Silver</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Taylor" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kit Taylor">Kit Taylor</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die_Schatzinsel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Die Schatzinsel (page does not exist)">Die Schatzinsel</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ande" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Ande">Michael Ande</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treasure_Island_(1968_TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1968 TV series) (page does not exist)">1968 TV series</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Newport&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Newport (page does not exist)">Michael Newport</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1977_miniseries)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1977 miniseries)">1977 miniseries</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Knight" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ashley Knight">Ashley Knight</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1978_TV_series)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (1978 TV series)">1978–79 TV series</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Mari Shimizu (voice, child)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyotaka_Mitsugi" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mutiny">Kiyotaka Mitsugi</a> (voice, adult)<br /><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_Yamadera" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Koichi Yamadera">Koichi Yamadera</a> (voice, adult, 1992 OVA)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_(TV_series)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Return to Treasure Island (TV series)">TV series</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Guard" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="">Christopher Guard</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_in_Outer_Space" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island in Outer Space">1987 TV series set in space</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itaco_Nardulli&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #ba0000; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Itaco Nardulli (page does not exist)">Itaco Nardulli</a> (as Gimmi Hawkins)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legends_of_Treasure_Island" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Legends of Treasure Island">1993–95 TV series</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_French" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dawn French">Dawn French</a> (voice, season 1)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hasler" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Hasler">John Hasler</a> (voice, season 2)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_(2012_miniseries)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island (2012 miniseries)">2012 miniseries</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Regbo" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Toby Regbo">Toby Regbo</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 839px;"><caption style="font-weight: bold;">Radio</caption><tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Year</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Program</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Voice actor</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1938</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Theater_on_the_Air" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mercury Theater on the Air">Mercury Theater on the Air</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>/Arthur Anderson</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1951</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theater" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lux Radio Theater">Lux Radio Theater</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Driscoll" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bobby Driscoll">Bobby Driscoll</a></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1989</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ben Rodska</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1995</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">James MacPherson</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big Finish Productions">Big Finish Productions</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Edward Holtom</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Treasure_Planet_version"><i>Treasure Planet</i> version</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Hawkins_(character)&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Treasure Planet version">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="infobox" style="-webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 5px; background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="background: rgb(222, 222, 226); font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Jim Hawkins</th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JimSilverDisney.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="JimSilverDisney.jpg" data-file-height="258" data-file-width="386" decoding="async" height="134" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/JimSilverDisney.jpg/200px-JimSilverDisney.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/JimSilverDisney.jpg/300px-JimSilverDisney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/10/JimSilverDisney.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Jim Hawkins (right) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Silver" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Long John Silver">John Silver</a> (left) as depicted in Disney's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Planet" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">First appearance</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Planet" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a></i> (2002)</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">John Ripa</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Voiced by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a> (teen)<br />Austin Majors (child)</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Jim Hawkins appears in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s 2002 animated film, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Planet" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a></i>, a science fiction adaptation of <i>Treasure Island</i>. The film's prologue depicts Jim as a five-year-old (voiced by Austin Majors) reading a storybook in bed. Jim is enchanted by stories of the legendary pirate Captain Flint and his ability to appear from nowhere, raid passing ships, and disappear in order to hide the loot on the mysterious "Treasure Planet". Twelve years later, Jim (now voiced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a>) has grown into an aloof and alienated teenager, helping his mother Sarah run an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inn">inn</a> and deriving amusement from "solar surfing" (a hybrid of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skysurfing" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skysurfing">skysurfing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfing" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a> atop a board attached to a solar-powered rocket), a pastime that frequently gets him in trouble with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Police">police</a>. One day, a spaceship crashes near the inn. The dying pilot, Billy Bones, gives Jim a sphere and tells him to "beware the cyborg". Shortly thereafter, a gang of pirates raid and burn the inn. Jim, his mother, and their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dog">dog</a>-themed friend Dr. Delbert Doppler barely escape. The sphere turns out to be a holographic projector, showing a map that Jim realizes leads to Treasure Planet.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Doppler commissions a ship called RLS <i>Legacy</i> on a mission to find Treasure Planet. The crew is a motley bunch, secretly led by cook John Silver, whom Jim suspects is the cyborg of whom he was warned. Jim is sent down to work in the galley; despite his mistrust of Silver, they soon form a tenuous father-son relationship. As the ship reaches Treasure Planet, mutiny erupts, led by Silver. Jim, Doppler, and Amelia abandon the ship, accidentally leaving the map behind. Silver, who believes that Jim has the map, has a chance to kill Jim, but refuses to do so because of his attachment to the boy. While exploring Treasure Planet's forests, the fugitives meet B.E.N., an abandoned, whimsical robot who claims to have lost most of his memory and invites them to his house to care for the wounded Amelia. The pirates corner the group here; using a back-door, Jim and B.E.N. return to the ship to recover the map. Upon their return, they are captured by Silver, who has already captured Doppler and Amelia.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">When Jim is forced to use the map, the group finds their way to a portal that can be opened to any place in the universe. The treasure is at the center of the planet, accessible only via the portal. In the stash of treasure, Jim comes across a missing part of B.E.N.'s cognitive computer. Jim replaces this piece, causing B.E.N. to remember that the planet is set to explode upon Flint's discovery of treasure. In the ensuing catastrophe, Silver finds himself torn between holding onto a literal boat-load of gold and saving Jim, who hangs from a precipice after a fall. Silver saves Jim, instead of treasure, and the group escapes to the Legacy, which is damaged and lacks the motive power required to leave the planet in time to escape. Jim attaches a rocket to a narrow plate of metal and rides it toward the portal to open it to a new location while Doppler pilots the ship behind him. Jim manages to open the portal to his home world's spaceport, through which all escape Treasure Planet's destruction.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">After the escape, Amelia has the surviving pirates imprisoned aboard the ship and offers to recommend Jim to the Interstellar Academy for his heroic actions. Silver sneaks below deck, where Jim finds him preparing his escape. The tearful Jim happily lets him go, inheriting Silver's shape-changing pet called Morph. Silver predicts that Jim will "rattle the stars", then tosses him a handful of jewels and gold he had taken from Treasure Planet, before its destruction, to pay for rebuilding the inn. The film ends with a party at the rebuilt inn, showing Jim in the uniform of a military cadet, having changed his ways and being escorted home by two cop robots that arrested him before: the change is evident as the cops greet him with respect unlike before. He looks to the skies and sees an image of Silver smirking in the clouds.</p>Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-57222015562701591012021-07-25T23:09:00.001-07:002021-07-25T23:09:16.632-07:00Robert Louis Stevenson<p> </p><h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">Robert Louis Stevenson</h1><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="contentSub2" style="color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em);"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to navigation</a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to search</a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="fn" style="display: inline;">Robert Louis Stevenson</div></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_by_Henry_Walter_Barnett.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portrait by Henry Walter Barnett, 1893"><img alt="Portrait by Henry Walter Barnett, 1893" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="352" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_by_Henry_Walter_Barnett.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_by_Henry_Walter_Barnett.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_by_Henry_Walter_Barnett.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_by_Henry_Walter_Barnett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_by_Henry_Walter_Barnett.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Walter_Barnett" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Walter Barnett">Henry Walter Barnett</a>, 1893</div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson<br />13 November 1850<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">3 December 1894 (aged 44)<br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vailima,_Samoa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vailima, Samoa">Vailima</a>, Samoa</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Novelist</li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">poet</li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">travel writer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">Scottish</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1857 Mr. Henderson's School, Edinburgh</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1857 Private tutors</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1859 Return to Mr. Henderson's School</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1861 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1863 Boarding school in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isleworth">Isleworth</a>, Middlesex</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1864 Robert Thomson's School, Edinburgh</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">1867 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child%27s_Garden_of_Verses" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Child's Garden of Verses">A Child's Garden of Verses</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kidnapped (novel)">Kidnapped</a></i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><div style="display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: normal; margin-top: 1px; white-space: normal;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Van_de_Grift_Osbourne" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne">Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne</a></div><div style="line-height: 0; margin-bottom: -2px;"></div><div style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 1px;"></div>(<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="married">m.</abbr> 1880–1894)<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.65em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stevenson" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Stevenson">Thomas Stevenson</a> (father)<br />Margaret Isabella Balfour (mother)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1921" data-file-width="3945" decoding="async" height="107" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png/220px-Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png/330px-Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png/440px-Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rober_Louis_Stevenson_books_from_1909.png" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bound set of many of Stevenson's works, 1909</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Robert Louis Stevenson</b> (born <b>Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson</b>; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He is best known for works such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kidnapped (novel)">Kidnapped</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child%27s_Garden_of_Verses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Child's Garden of Verses">A Child's Garden of Verses</a></i>.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Born and educated in Edinburgh, Stevenson suffered from serious bronchial trouble for much of his life, but continued to write prolifically and travel widely in defiance of his poor health. As a young man, he mixed in London literary circles, receiving encouragement from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ernest_Henley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Ernest Henley">W. E. Henley</a>, the last of whom may have provided the model for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_John_Silver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a> in <i>Treasure Island</i>. In 1890, he settled in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> where, alarmed at increasing European and American influence in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Ocean">South Sea</a> islands, his writing turned away from romance and adventure toward a darker realism. He died in his island home in 1894.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-:0-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">A celebrity in his lifetime, Stevenson's critical reputation has fluctuated since his death, though today his works are held in general acclaim. In 2018 he was ranked, just behind <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, as the 26th-most-translated author in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #202122; display: table; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="direction: ltr; display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Family_and_education" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Family and education</span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Childhood_and_youth" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Childhood and youth</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Education" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Education</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Atheism" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Atheism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#%22An_Apology_for_Idlers%22" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">"An Apology for Idlers"</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Early_writing_and_travels" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early writing and travels</span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Literary_and_artistic_connections" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Literary and artistic connections</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Marriage" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Marriage</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#England,_and_back_to_the_United_States" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">England, and back to the United States</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Reflections_on_the_art_of_writing" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reflections on the art of writing</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Politics:_%22The_Day_after_Tomorrow%22" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics: "The Day after Tomorrow"</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Final_years_in_the_Pacific" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Final years in the Pacific</span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Pacific_voyages" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pacific voyages</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Settling_in_Samoa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Settling in Samoa</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Last_works" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Last works</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Death" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Death</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Modern_reception" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Modern reception</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Monuments_and_commemoration" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Monuments and commemoration</span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Scotland" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Scotland</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#United_States" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">United States</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Samoa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Samoa</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#England_and_France" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">England and France</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Gallery" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Gallery</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Novels" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Novels</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Short_story_collections" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Short story collections</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Short_stories" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Short stories</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Non-fiction" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Non-fiction</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Poetry" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Poetry</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Plays" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Plays</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Travel_writing" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Travel writing</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Island_literature" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Island literature</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#References" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Biographies_of_Stevenson" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">14</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biographies of Stevenson</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">15</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">16</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_and_education">Family and education</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Family and education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood_and_youth">Childhood and youth</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Childhood and youth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; color: #202122; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="1285" decoding="async" height="203" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg/170px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg/255px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg/340px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_daguerreotype_portrait_as_a_child.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> portrait of Stevenson as a child</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; color: #202122; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home,_Heriot_Row.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" decoding="async" height="128" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home%2C_Heriot_Row.jpg/170px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home%2C_Heriot_Row.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home%2C_Heriot_Row.jpg/255px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home%2C_Heriot_Row.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home%2C_Heriot_Row.jpg/340px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home%2C_Heriot_Row.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_childhood_home,_Heriot_Row.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson's childhood home in Heriot Row</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was born at 8 Howard Place, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, on 13 November 1850 to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stevenson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Stevenson">Thomas Stevenson</a> (1818–1887), a leading lighthouse engineer, and his wife, Margaret Isabella (born Balfour, 1829–1897). He was christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson. At about age 18, he changed the spelling of "Lewis" to "Louis", and he dropped "Balfour" in 1873.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Lighthouse design was the family's profession; Thomas's father (Robert's grandfather) was civil engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(civil_engineer)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)">Robert Stevenson</a>, and Thomas's brothers (Robert's uncles) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stevenson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alan Stevenson">Alan</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stevenson_(engineer)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Stevenson (engineer)">David</a> were in the same field.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paxton_2004_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Paxton_2004-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Thomas's maternal grandfather <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(engineer)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Smith (engineer)">Thomas Smith</a> had been in the same profession. However, Robert's mother's family were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gentry">gentry</a>, tracing their lineage back to Alexander Balfour who had held the lands of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchyra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inchyra">Inchyra</a> in Fife in the fifteenth century. His mother's father <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Balfour" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lewis Balfour">Lewis Balfour</a> (1777–1860) was a minister of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> at nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colinton">Colinton</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> and her siblings included physician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Balfour" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George William Balfour">George William Balfour</a> and marine engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Balfour_(engineer)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Balfour (engineer)">James Balfour</a>. Stevenson spent the greater part of his boyhood holidays in his maternal grandfather's house. "Now I often wonder what I inherited from this old minister," Stevenson wrote. "I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Lewis Balfour and his daughter both had weak chests, so they often needed to stay in warmer climates for their health. Stevenson inherited a tendency to coughs and fevers, exacerbated when the family moved to a damp, chilly house at 1 Inverleith Terrace in 1851.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> The family moved again to the sunnier 17 Heriot Row when Stevenson was six years old, but the tendency to extreme sickness in winter remained with him until he was 11. Illness was a recurrent feature of his adult life and left him extraordinarily thin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Contemporaneous views were that he had tuberculosis, but more recent views are that it was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiectasis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> or even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoidosis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson's parents were both devout <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, but the household was not strict in its adherence to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> principles. His nurse Alison Cunningham (known as Cummy)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT1913_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-NYT1913-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> was more fervently religious. Her mix of Calvinism and folk beliefs were an early source of nightmares for the child, and he showed a precocious concern for religion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> But she also cared for him tenderly in illness, reading to him from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a> and the Bible as he lay sick in bed and telling tales of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a>. Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in "The Land of Counterpane" in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child%27s_Garden_of_Verses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Child's Garden of Verses">A Child's Garden of Verses</a></i> (1885),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> dedicating the book to his nurse.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_mit_7_Jahren.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="453" data-file-width="327" decoding="async" height="236" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_mit_7_Jahren.jpg/170px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_mit_7_Jahren.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_mit_7_Jahren.jpg/255px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_mit_7_Jahren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_mit_7_Jahren.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_mit_7_Jahren.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson at age 7</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was an only child, both strange-looking and eccentric, and he found it hard to fit in when he was sent to a nearby school at age 6, a problem repeated at age 11 when he went on to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a>; but he mixed well in lively games with his cousins in summer holidays at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colinton">Colinton</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> His frequent illnesses often kept him away from his first school, so he was taught for long stretches by private tutors. He was a late reader, learning at age 7 or 8, but even before this he dictated stories to his mother and nurse,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mehew_2004_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Mehew_2004-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> and he compulsively wrote stories throughout his childhood. His father was proud of this interest; he had also written stories in his spare time until his own father found them and told him to "give up such nonsense and mind your business."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Paxton_2004_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Paxton_2004-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> He paid for the printing of Robert's first publication at 16, entitled <i>The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666</i>. It was an account of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters#Restoration_and_the_%22Killing_Time%22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Covenanters">Covenanters' rebellion</a> which was published in 1866, the 200th anniversary of the event.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In September 1857, Stevenson went to <i>Mr Henderson's School</i> in India Street, Edinburgh, but because of poor health stayed only a few weeks and did not return until October 1859. During his many absences, he was taught by private tutors. In October 1861, he went to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Academy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edinburgh Academy">Edinburgh Academy</a>, an independent school for boys, and stayed there sporadically for about fifteen months. In the autumn of 1863, he spent one term at an English boarding school at Spring Grove in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isleworth">Isleworth</a> in Middlesex (now an urban area of West London). In October 1864, following an improvement to his health, he was sent to Robert Thomson's private school in Frederick Street, Edinburgh, where he remained until he went to university.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> In November 1867, Stevenson entered the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> to study engineering. He showed from the start no enthusiasm for his studies and devoted much energy to avoiding lectures. This time was more important for the friendships he made with other students in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Speculative_Society" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Speculative Society">The Speculative Society</a> (an exclusive debating club), particularly with Charles Baxter, who would become Stevenson's financial agent, and with a professor, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fleeming Jenkin">Fleeming Jenkin</a>, whose house staged amateur drama in which Stevenson took part, and whose biography he would later write.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Perhaps most important at this point in his life was a cousin, Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson (known as "Bob"), a lively and light-hearted young man who, instead of the family profession, had chosen to study art.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Each year during the holidays, Stevenson travelled to inspect the family's engineering works—to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstruther" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anstruther">Anstruther</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wick,_Caithness" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wick, Caithness">Wick</a> in 1868, with his father on his official tour of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> islands lighthouses in 1869, and for three weeks to the island of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erraid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erraid">Erraid</a> in 1870. He enjoyed the travels more for the material they gave for his writing than for any engineering interest. The voyage with his father pleased him because a similar journey of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> with Robert Stevenson had provided the inspiration for Scott's 1822 novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> In April 1871, Stevenson notified his father of his decision to pursue a life of letters. Though the elder Stevenson was naturally disappointed, the surprise cannot have been great, and Stevenson's mother reported that he was "wonderfully resigned" to his son's choice. To provide some security, it was agreed that Stevenson should read Law (again at Edinburgh University) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Admission to practice law">be called to the Scottish bar</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> In his 1887 poetry collection <i>Underwoods</i>, Stevenson muses on his having turned from the family profession:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Say not of me that weakly I declined<br />The labours of my sires, and fled the sea,<br />The towers we founded and the lamps we lit,<br />To play at home with paper like a child.<br />But rather say: <i>In the afternoon of time</i><br /><i>A strenuous family dusted from its hands</i><br /><i>The sand of granite, and beholding far</i><br /><i>Along the sounding coast its pyramids</i><br /><i>And tall memorials catch the dying sun,</i><br /><i>Smiled well content, and to this childish task</i><br /><i>Around the fire addressed its evening hours.</i></p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Atheism">Atheism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Atheism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In other respects too, Stevenson was moving away from his upbringing. His dress became more <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bohemianism">Bohemian</a>; he already wore his hair long, but he now took to wearing a velveteen jacket and rarely attended parties in conventional evening dress.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> Within the limits of a strict allowance, he visited cheap pubs and brothels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> More importantly, he had come to reject Christianity and declared himself an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atheism">atheist</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> In January 1873, his father came across the constitution of the LJR (Liberty, Justice, Reverence) Club, of which Stevenson and his cousin Bob were members, which began: "Disregard everything our parents have taught us". Questioning his son about his beliefs, he discovered the truth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> Stevenson no longer believed in God and had grown tired of pretending to be something he was not: "am I to live my whole life as one falsehood?" His father professed himself devastated: "You have rendered my whole life a failure." His mother accounted the revelation "the heaviest affliction" to befall her. "O Lord, what a pleasant thing it is", Stevenson wrote to his friend Charles Baxter, "to have just damned the happiness of (probably) the only two people who care a damn about you in the world."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stevenson_letters_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Stevenson_letters-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".22An_Apology_for_Idlers.22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""An_Apology_for_Idlers"">"An Apology for Idlers"</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: "An Apology for Idlers"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Justifying his rejection of an established profession, in 1877 Stevenson offered "An Apology for Idlers". "A happy man or woman", he reasoned, "is a better thing to find than a five-pound note. He or she is a radiating focus of goodwill" and a practical demonstration of "the great Theorem of the Liveableness of Life". So that if they cannot be happy in the "handicap race for sixpenny pieces", let them take their own "by-road".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_writing_and_travels">Early writing and travels</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Early writing and travels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_and_artistic_connections">Literary and artistic connections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Literary and artistic connections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_at_26.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="518" data-file-width="376" decoding="async" height="303" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_at_26.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_at_26.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_at_26.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_at_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_at_26.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_at_26.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson, c. 1877</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was visiting a cousin in England in late 1873 when he met two people who became very important to him: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidney Colvin">Sidney Colvin</a> and Fanny (Frances Jane) Sitwell. Sitwell was a 34-year-old woman with a son, who was separated from her husband. She attracted the devotion of many who met her, including Colvin, who married her in 1901. Stevenson was also drawn to her, and they kept up a warm correspondence over several years in which he wavered between the role of a suitor and a son (he addressed her as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Madonna</a>").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Colvin became Stevenson's literary adviser and was the first editor of his letters after his death. He placed Stevenson's first paid contribution in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portfolio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Portfolio">The Portfolio</a></i>, an essay entitled "Roads".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was soon active in London literary life, becoming acquainted with many of the writers of the time, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lang" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen</a>, the editor of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cornhill_Magazine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Cornhill Magazine">The Cornhill Magazine</a></i> who took an interest in Stevenson's work. Stephen took Stevenson to visit a patient at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Infirmary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edinburgh Infirmary">Edinburgh Infirmary</a> named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ernest_Henley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Ernest Henley">William Ernest Henley</a>, an energetic and talkative poet with a wooden leg. Henley became a close friend and occasional literary collaborator, until a quarrel broke up the friendship in 1888, and he is often considered to be the inspiration for Long John Silver in <i>Treasure Island</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was sent to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Menton">Menton</a> on the French Riviera in November 1873 to recuperate after his health failed. He returned in better health in April 1874 and settled down to his studies, but he returned to France several times after that.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> He made long and frequent trips to the neighborhood of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Fontainebleau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forest of Fontainebleau">Forest of Fontainebleau</a>, staying at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbizon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barbizon">Barbizon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grez-sur-Loing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grez-sur-Loing">Grez-sur-Loing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemours" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nemours">Nemours</a> and becoming a member of the artists' colonies there. He also traveled to Paris to visit galleries and the theatres.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> He qualified for the Scottish bar in July 1875, and his father added a brass plate to the Heriot Row house reading "R.L. Stevenson, Advocate". His law studies did influence his books, but he never practised law;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> all his energies were spent in travel and writing. One of his journeys was a canoe voyage in Belgium and France with Sir Walter Simpson, a friend from the Speculative Society, a frequent travel companion, and the author of <i>The Art of Golf</i> (1887). This trip was the basis of his first travel book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inland_Voyage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="An Inland Voyage">An Inland Voyage</a></i> (1878).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson had a long correspondence with fellow Scot <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.M._Barrie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J.M. Barrie">J.M. Barrie</a>. He invited Barrie to visit him in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, but the two never met.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Marriage">Marriage</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; color: #202122; float: left; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 172px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="568" data-file-width="429" decoding="async" height="225" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg/170px-Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg/255px-Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg/340px-Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fanny_Osbourne_1.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne, c. 1876</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The canoe voyage with Simpson brought Stevenson to Grez in September 1876, where he met <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Van_de_Grift_Osbourne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne">Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne</a> (1840–1914), born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>. She had married at age 17 and moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> to rejoin husband Samuel after his participation in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Their children were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Osbourne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isobel Osbourne">Isobel</a> (or "Belle"), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Osbourne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lloyd Osbourne">Lloyd</a> and Hervey (who died in 1875). But anger over her husband's infidelities led to a number of separations. In 1875, she had taken her children to France where she and Isobel studied art.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> By the time Stevenson met her, Fanny was herself a magazine short-story writer of recognized ability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson returned to Britain shortly after this first meeting, but Fanny apparently remained in his thoughts, and he wrote the essay "On falling in love" for <i>The Cornhill Magazine</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> They met again early in 1877 and became lovers. Stevenson spent much of the following year with her and her children in France.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> In August 1878, she returned to San Francisco and Stevenson remained in Europe, making the walking trip that formed the basis for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travels_with_a_Donkey_in_the_C%C3%A9vennes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes">Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes</a></i> (1879). But he set off to join her in August 1879, against the advice of his friends and without notifying his parents. He took second-class passage on the steamship <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scillonian_(1955)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scillonian (1955)">Devonia</a></i>, in part to save money but also to learn how others traveled and to increase the adventure of the journey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> He then traveled overland by train from New York City to California. He later wrote about the experience in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amateur_Emigrant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Amateur Emigrant">The Amateur Emigrant</a></i>. It was good experience for his writing, but it broke his health.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House,_530_Houston_Street,_Monterey_(Monterey_County,_California).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="348" data-file-width="562" decoding="async" height="136" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House%2C_530_Houston_Street%2C_Monterey_%28Monterey_County%2C_California%29.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House%2C_530_Houston_Street%2C_Monterey_%28Monterey_County%2C_California%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House%2C_530_Houston_Street%2C_Monterey_%28Monterey_County%2C_California%29.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House%2C_530_Houston_Street%2C_Monterey_%28Monterey_County%2C_California%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House%2C_530_Houston_Street%2C_Monterey_%28Monterey_County%2C_California%29.jpg/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House%2C_530_Houston_Street%2C_Monterey_%28Monterey_County%2C_California%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_House,_530_Houston_Street,_Monterey_(Monterey_County,_California).jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>French Hotel (now "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_State_Historic_Park#Stevenson_House" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monterey State Historic Park">Stevenson House</a>"), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California">California</a> where he stayed in 1879</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">He was near death when he arrived in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California">California</a>, where some local ranchers nursed him back to health. He stayed for a time at the French Hotel located at 530 Houston Street, now a museum dedicated to his memory called the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_State_Historic_Park#Stevenson_House" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monterey State Historic Park">Stevenson House</a>". While there, he often dined "on the cuff," as he said, at a nearby restaurant run by Frenchman Jules Simoneau, which stood at what is now Simoneau Plaza; several years later, he sent Simoneau an inscribed copy of his novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a></i> (1886), writing that it would be a stranger case still if Robert Louis Stevenson ever forgot Jules Simoneau. While in Monterey, he wrote an evocative article about "the Old Pacific Capital" of Monterey.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">By December 1879, Stevenson had recovered his health enough to continue to San Francisco where he struggled "all alone on forty-five cents a day, and sometimes less, with quantities of hard work and many heavy thoughts,"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> in an effort to support himself through his writing. But by the end of the winter, his health was broken again and he found himself at death's door. Fanny was now divorced and recovered from her own illness, and she came to his bedside and nursed him to recovery. "After a while," he wrote, "my spirit got up again in a divine frenzy, and has since kicked and spurred my vile body forward with great emphasis and success."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> When his father heard of his condition, he cabled him money to help him through this period.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Fanny and Robert were married in May 1880, although he said that he was "a mere complication of cough and bones, much fitter for an emblem of mortality than a bridegroom."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> He travelled with his new wife and her son Lloyd<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> north of San Francisco to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_County,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Napa County, California">Napa Valley</a> and spent a summer honeymoon at an abandoned mining camp on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Helena" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Saint Helena">Mount Saint Helena</a> (today designated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_State_Park" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Louis Stevenson State Park">Robert Louis Stevenson State Park</a>). He wrote about this experience in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silverado_Squatters" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Silverado Squatters">The Silverado Squatters</a></i>. He met <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Warren_Stoddard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Warren Stoddard">Charles Warren Stoddard</a>, co-editor of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Monthly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Overland Monthly">Overland Monthly</a></i> and author of <i>South Sea Idylls</i>, who urged Stevenson to travel to the South Pacific, an idea which returned to him many years later. In August 1880, he sailed with Fanny and Lloyd from New York to Britain and found his parents and his friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidney Colvin">Sidney Colvin</a> on the wharf at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, happy to see him return home. Gradually, his wife was able to patch up differences between father and son and make herself a part of the family through her charm and wit.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="England.2C_and_back_to_the_United_States"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="England,_and_back_to_the_United_States">England, and back to the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: England, and back to the United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The Stevensons shuttled back and forth between Scotland and the Continent, finally settling in 1884 in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbourne,_Dorset" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Westbourne, Dorset">Westbourne</a> district of the English seaside town of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>. They lived in a house Stevenson named 'Skerryvore' after a Scottish lighthouse built by his uncle Alan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">From April 1885 Stevenson had the company of the novelist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>. They had met previously in London and had recently exchanged views in journal articles on the “art of fiction” and thereafter in a correspondence in which they expressed their admiration for each other’s work. After James had moved to Bournemouth to help support his invalid sister, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_James" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alice James">Alice</a>, he took up the invitation to pay daily visits to Skerryvore for conversation at the Stevenson’s dinner table.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-O_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-O-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Largely bedridden, Stevenson described himself as living "like a weevil in a biscuit." Yet, despite ill health, during his three years in Westbourne, Stevenson wrote the bulk of his most popular work: <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kidnapped (novel)">Kidnapped</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a></i> (which established his wider reputation), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Arrow:_A_Tale_of_the_Two_Roses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses">The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child%27s_Garden_of_Verses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Child's Garden of Verses">A Child's Garden of Verses</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwoods" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Underwoods">Underwoods</a></i>.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="894" data-file-width="1607" decoding="async" height="122" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG/220px-StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG/330px-StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG/440px-StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StevensonAdirondackHome.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson's "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake">Cure Cottage</a>" in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake,_New_York" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saranac Lake, New York">Saranac Lake, New York</a></div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Thomas Stevenson died in 1887 leaving his son feeling free to follow the advice of his physician to try a complete change of climate. Stevenson headed for Colorado with his widowed mother and family. But after landing in New York, they decided to spend the winter in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondacks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adirondacks">Adirondacks</a> at a cure cottage now known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_Cottage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stevenson Cottage">Stevenson Cottage</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac_Lake,_New_York" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saranac Lake, New York">Saranac Lake, New York</a>. During the intensely cold winter, Stevenson wrote some of his best essays, including <i>Pulvis et Umbra</i>. He also began <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_of_Ballantrae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Master of Ballantrae">The Master of Ballantrae</a></i> and lightheartedly planned a cruise to the southern Pacific Ocean for the following summer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Reflections_on_the_art_of_writing">Reflections on the art of writing</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Reflections on the art of writing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson's critical essays on literature contain "few sustained analyses of style of content".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brandeis_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Brandeis-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> In "A Penny Plain and Two-pence Coloured" (1884) he suggests that his own approach owed much to the exaggerated and romantic world that, as a child, he had entered as proud owner of Skelt's Juvenile Drama—a toy set of cardboard characters who were actors in melodramatic dramas. "A Gossip on Romance" (1882) and "A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas's" (1887) imply that it is better to entertain than to instruct.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson very much saw himself in the mould of Sir Walter Scott, a storyteller with an ability to transport his readers away from themselves and their circumstances. He took issue with what he saw as the tendency in French realism to dwell on sordidness and ugliness. In "The Lantern-Bearer" (1888) he appears to take <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Zola" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emile Zola">Emile Zola</a> to task for failing to seek out nobility in his protagonists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Brandeis_52-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Brandeis-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In "A Humble Remonstrance", Stevenson answers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>'s claim in "The Art of Fiction" (1884) that the novel competes with life. Stevenson protests that no novel can ever hope to match life's complexity; it merely abstracts from life to produce an harmonious pattern of its own.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Man's one method, whether he reasons or creates, is to half-shut his eyes against the dazzle and confusion of reality...Life is monstrous, infinite, illogical, abrupt and poignant; a work of art, in comparison, is neat, finite, selfcontained, rational, flowing, and emasculate...The novel, which is a work of art, exists, not by its resemblances to life, which are forced and material ... but by its immeasurable difference from life, which is designed and significant.</p></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">It is not clear, however, that in this there was any real basis for disagreement with James.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-O_50-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-O-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> Stevenson had presented James with a copy of <i>Kidnapped</i>, but it was <i>Treasure Island</i> that James favoured. Written as a story for boys, Stevenson had thought it in “No need of psychology or fine writing," but its success is credited with liberating children's writing from the "chains of Victorian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didacticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Didacticism">didacticism</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Politics:_.22The_Day_after_Tomorrow.22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics:_"The_Day_after_Tomorrow"">Politics: "The Day after Tomorrow"</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Politics: "The Day after Tomorrow"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">During his college years, Stevenson briefly identified himself as a "red-hot socialist". But already by age 26 he was writing of looking back on this time "with something like regret. ... Now I know that in thus turning Conservative with years, I am going through the normal cycle of change and travelling in the common orbit of men's opinions."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> His cousin and biographer <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Graham_Balfour" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir Graham Balfour">Sir Graham Balfour</a> claimed that Stevenson "probably throughout life would, if compelled to vote, have always supported the Conservative candidate."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> In 1866, Stevenson did vote for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="One-nation conservatism">Tory democrat</a> and future Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for the Lord Rectorship of the University of Edinburgh. But this was against a markedly illiberal challenger, the historian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> Carlyle was notorious for his anti-democratic and pro-slavery views.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In "The Day after Tomorrow", appearing in <i>The Contemporary Review</i> (April 1887),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> Stevenson suggested "we are all becoming Socialists without knowing it". Legislation "grows authoritative, grows philanthropical, bristles with new duties and new penalties, and casts a spawn of inspectors, who now begin, note-book in hand, to darken the face of England".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> He is referring to the steady growth in social legislation in Britain since the first of the Conservative-sponsored <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Acts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a> (which, in 1833, established a professional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_inspector" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Factory inspector">Factory Inspectorate</a>). Stevenson cautioned that this "new waggon-load of laws" points to future in which our grandchildren might "taste the pleasures of existence in something far liker an ant-heap that any previous human polity".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup> Yet in reproducing the essay his latter-day libertarian admirers omit his express understanding for the abandonment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiggism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Whiggism">Whiggish</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Liberalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Classical Liberalism">classical-liberal</a> notions of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez_faire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Laissez faire">laissez faire</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> "Liberty", Stevenson wrote, "has served us a long while" but like all other virtues "she has taken wages".</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">[Liberty] has dutifully served Mammon; so that many things we were accustomed to admire as the benefits of freedom and common to all, were truly benefits of wealth, and took their value from our neighbour's poverty...Freedom to be desirable, involves kindness, wisdom, and all the virtues of the free; but the free man as we have seen him in action has been, as of yore, only the master of many helots; and the slaves are still ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-taught, ill-housed, insolently entreated, and driven to their mines and workshops by the lash of famine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In January 1888, in response to American press coverage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Land War">Land War</a> in Ireland, Stevenson penned a political essay (rejected by <i>Scribner's</i> magazine and never published in his lifetime) that advanced a broadly conservative theme: the necessity of "staying internal violence by rigid law". Notwithstanding his title, "Confessions of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist</a>", Stevenson defends neither the union with Britain (she had "majestically demonstrated her incapacity to rule Ireland") nor "landlordism" (scarcely more defensible in Ireland than, as he had witnessed it, in the gold fields of California). Rather he protests the readiness to pass "lightly" over crimes—"unmanly murders and the harshest extremes of boycotting"—where these are deemed "political". This he argues is to "defeat law" (which is ever a "compromise") and to invite "anarchy": it is "the sentimentalist preparing the pathway for the brute".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> Stevenson's involvement in exposing the misconduct of Europeans and Americans in Samoa would briefly transform his work one of a primarily political nature, although this would not occur for at least a decade.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Final_years_in_the_Pacific">Final years in the Pacific</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Final years in the Pacific">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Pacific_voyages">Pacific voyages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Pacific voyages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1442" data-file-width="1940" decoding="async" height="164" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_King_Kalakaua_and_his_Singing_Boys.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson and King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kalākaua">Kalākaua</a> of Hawaii, c. 1889</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevenson_vailima.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="602" decoding="async" height="183" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stevenson_vailima.jpg/220px-Stevenson_vailima.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stevenson_vailima.jpg/330px-Stevenson_vailima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stevenson_vailima.jpg/440px-Stevenson_vailima.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevenson_vailima.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The author with his wife and their household in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vailima,_Samoa" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vailima, Samoa">Vailima, Samoa</a>, c. 1892</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1093" data-file-width="1400" decoding="async" height="172" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_and_family.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson and family, 1893</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete,_Samoa_1896.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1470" data-file-width="2158" decoding="async" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete,_Samoa_1896.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson's birthday fete at Vailima, November 1894</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1502" data-file-width="2541" decoding="async" height="130" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg/220px-Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg/330px-Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg/440px-Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stevenson%27s_home_at_Vailima.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stevenson on the veranda of his home at Vailima, c. 1893</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa,_1894.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="467" data-file-width="621" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa%2C_1894.jpg/220px-Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa%2C_1894.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa%2C_1894.jpg/330px-Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa%2C_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa%2C_1894.jpg/440px-Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa%2C_1894.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burial_and_grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_in_Samoa,_1894.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Burial on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vaea" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Vaea">Mount Vaea</a> in Samoa, 1894</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="359" data-file-width="589" decoding="async" height="134" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Robert_Louis_Stevenson_1909.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>His tomb on Mount Vaea, c. 1909</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In June 1888, Stevenson chartered the yacht <i>Casco</i> and set sail with his family from San Francisco. The vessel "plowed her path of snow across the empty deep, far from all track of commerce, far from any hand of help."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> The sea air and thrill of adventure for a time restored his health, and for nearly three years he wandered the eastern and central Pacific, stopping for extended stays at the Hawaiian Islands, where he became a good friend of King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kalākaua">Kalākaua</a>. He befriended the king's niece Princess <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27iulani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ka'iulani">Victoria Kaiulani</a>, who also had Scottish heritage. He spent time at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, New Zealand and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_Islands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a>. During this period, he completed <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_of_Ballantrae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Master of Ballantrae">The Master of Ballantrae</a></i>, composed two ballads based on the legends of the islanders, and wrote <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bottle_Imp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Bottle Imp">The Bottle Imp</a></i>. He preserved the experience of these years in his various letters and in his <i>In the South Seas</i> (which was published posthumously).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> He made a voyage in 1889 with Lloyd on the trading schooner <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator_(schooner)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Equator (schooner)">Equator</a></i>, visiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaritari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Butaritari">Butaritari</a>, Mariki, Apaiang and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abemama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abemama">Abemama</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kiribati">Gilbert Islands</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-South_Seas_1896_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-South_Seas_1896-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> They spent several months on Abemama with tyrant-chief <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tem_Binoka" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tem Binoka">Tem Binoka</a>, whom Stevenson described in <i>In the South Seas</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-South_Seas_1896_69-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-South_Seas_1896-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson left <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, on the <i>Janet Nicoll</i> in April 1890 for his third and final voyage among the South Seas islands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fanny1914_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-fanny1914-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup> He intended to produce another book of travel writing to follow his earlier book <i>In the South Seas</i>, but it was his wife who eventually published her journal of their third voyage. (Fanny misnames the ship in her account <i>The Cruise of the Janet Nichol</i>.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> A fellow passenger was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Buckland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jack Buckland">Jack Buckland</a>, whose stories of life as an island trader became the inspiration for the character of Tommy Hadden in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrecker_(Stevenson_novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Wrecker (Stevenson novel)">The Wrecker</a></i> (1892), which Stevenson and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Osbourne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lloyd Osbourne">Lloyd Osbourne</a> wrote together.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jack_Buckland_2001_p._418_72-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Jack_Buckland_2001_p._418-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> Buckland visited the Stevensons at Vailima in 1894.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Settling_in_Samoa">Settling in Samoa</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Settling in Samoa">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In December 1889 Stevenson and his extended family arrived at the port of Apia in the Samoan islands and there he and Fanny decided to settle. In January 1890 they purchased 314¼ acres at Vailima, some miles inland from Apia the capital, on which they built the islands’ first two-storey house. Fanny's sister, Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez, wrote that “it was in Samoa that the word ‘home’ first began to have a real meaning for these gypsy wanderers”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrell_2019_75-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Farrell_2019-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> In May 1891, they were joined by Stevenson's mother, Margaret. While his wife set about managing and working the estate, Stevenson took the native name Tusitala (Samoan for "Teller of Tales"), and began collecting local stories. Often he would exchange these for his own tales. The first work of literature in Samoan was his translation of <i>The Bottle Imp</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrell_2019_75-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Farrell_2019-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> which presents a Pacific-wide community as the setting for a moral fable.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Immersing himself in the islands' culture, occasioned a "political awakening": it placed Stevenson "at an angle" to the rival <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great power">great powers</a>, Britain, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and the United States whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Warship">warships</a> were common sights in Samoan harbours.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jamie_76-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Jamie-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrell_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Farrell-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> He understood that, as in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> (comparisons with his homeland "came readily"), an indigenous clan society was unprepared for the arrival of foreigners who played upon its existing rivalries and divisions. As the external pressures upon Samoan society grew, tensions soon descended into several inter-clan wars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Calder_78-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Calder-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">No longer content to be a "romancer", Stevenson became a reporter and an agitator, firing off letters to <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> which "rehearsed with an ironic twist that surely owed something to his Edinburgh legal training", a tale of European and American misconduct.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Calder_78-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Calder-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup> His concern for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> is also found in the <i>South Sea Letters</i>, published in magazines in 1891 (and then in book form as <i>In the South Seas</i> in 1896). In an effort he feared might result in his own deportation, Stevenson helped secure the recall of two European officials. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Footnote_to_History:_Eight_Years_of_Trouble_in_Samoa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa">A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa</a></i> (1892) was a detailed chronicle of the intersection of rivalries between the great powers and the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samoan Civil War">Samoan Civil War</a>.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">As much as he said he disdained politics—"I used to think meanly of the plumber", he wrote to his friend Sidney Colvin, "but how he shines beside the politician!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup>—Stevenson felt himself obliged to take sides. He openly allied himself with chief Mataafa, whose rival Malieta was backed by the Germans whose firms were beginning to monopolise <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Copra">copra</a> and cocoa bean processing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrell_77-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Farrell-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was alarmed above all by what he perceived as the Samoans' economic innocence. In 1894 just months before his death, he addressed the island chiefs:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">There is but one way to defend Samoa. Hear it before it is too late. It is to make roads, and gardens, and care for your trees, and sell their produce wisely, and, in one word, to occupy and use your country... if you do not occupy and use your country, others will. It will not continue to be yours or your children's, if you occupy it for nothing. You and your children will in that case be cast out into outer darkness".</p></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">He had "seen these judgments of God", not only in Hawaii where abandoned native churches stood like tombstones "over a grave, in the midst of the white men’s sugar fields", but also in Ireland and "in the mountains of my own country Scotland".</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">These were a fine people in the past brave, gay, faithful, and very much like Samoans, except in one particular, that they were much wiser and better at that business of fighting of which you think so much. But the time came to them as it now comes to you, and it did not find them ready...</p></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Five years after Stevenson's death, the Samoan Islands were partitioned between Germany and the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Last_works">Last works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Last works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson wrote an estimated 700,000 words during his years on Samoa. He completed <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_of_Fales%C3%A1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Beach of Falesá">The Beach of Falesá</a></i>, the first-person tale of a Scottish <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Copra">copra</a> trader on a South Sea island. Wiltshire is heroic in terms neither of his actions nor a preoccupation with his own soul. Rather he is a man of limited understanding and imagination, comfortable with his own prejudices: where, he wonders, can he find "whites" for his "half caste" daughters. The villains are white, their behaviour towards the islanders ruthlessly duplicitous.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson saw "The Beach of Falesá" as the ground-breaking work in his turn away from romance to realism. Stevenson wrote to his friend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidney Colvin">Sidney Colvin</a>:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">It is the first realistic South Seas story; I mean with real South Sea character and details of life. Everybody else that has tried, that I have seen, got carried away by the romance, and ended in a kind of sugar candy sham epic, and the whole effect was lost... Now I have got the smell and look of the thing a good deal. You will know more about the South Seas after you have read my little tale than if you had read a library.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-owc_82-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-owc-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ebb-Tide" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Ebb-Tide">The Ebb-Tide</a></i> (1894), the misadventures of three deadbeats marooned in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tahiti">Tahitian</a> port of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeete" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Papeete">Papeete</a>, has been described as presenting "a microcosm of imperialist society, directed by greedy but incompetent whites, the labour supplied by long-suffering natives who fulfil their duties without orders and are true to the missionary faith which the Europeans make no pretence of respecting".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sst_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-sst-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> It confirmed the new Realistic turn in Stevenson's writing away from romance and adolescent adventure. The first sentence reads: "Throughout the island world of the Pacific, scattered men of many European races and from almost every grade of society carry activity and disseminate disease". No longer was Stevenson writing about human nature "in terms of a contest between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde": "the edges of moral responsibility and the margins of moral judgement were too blurred".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Calder_78-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Calder-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup> As with <i>The Beach of Falesà</i>, in <i>The Ebb Tide</i> contemporary reviewers find parallels with several of Conrad's works: <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayer%E2%80%99s_Folly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Almayer’s Folly">Almayer’s Folly</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Outcast_of_the_Islands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="An Outcast of the Islands">An Outcast of the Islands</a></i>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nigger_of_the_%27Narcissus%27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'">The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'</a>’</i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Jim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lord Jim">Lord Jim</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sandison_85-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Sandison-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Farrell_77-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Farrell-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">With his imagination still residing in Scotland and returning to earlier form, Stevenson also wrote <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catriona_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catriona (novel)">Catriona</a></i> (1893), a sequel to his earlier novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kidnapped (novel)">Kidnapped</a></i> (1886), continuing the adventures of its hero David Balfour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although he felt, as a writer, that "there was never any man had so many irons in the fire".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> by the end of 1893 Stevenson feared that he had "overworked" and exhausted his creative vein.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup> His writing was partly driven by the need to meet the expenses of Vailima. But in a last burst of energy he began work on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir_of_Hermiston" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weir of Hermiston">Weir of Hermiston</a></i>. "It's so good that it frightens me," he is reported to have exclaimed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> He felt that this was the best work he had done.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> Set in eighteenth century Scotland, it is a story of a society that (however different), like Samoa is witnessing a breakdown of social rules and structures leading to growing moral ambivalence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Calder_78-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Calder-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">On 3 December 1894, Stevenson was talking to his wife and straining to open a bottle of wine when he suddenly exclaimed, "What's that?", asked his wife "does my face look strange?", and collapsed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-:0-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> He died within a few hours, probably of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intracerebral hemorrhage">cerebral haemorrhage</a>. He was 44 years old. The Samoans insisted on surrounding his body with a watch-guard during the night and on bearing him on their shoulders to nearby <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vaea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Vaea">Mount Vaea</a>, where they buried him on a spot overlooking the sea on land donated by British Acting Vice Consul <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Trood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Trood">Thomas Trood</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> Stevenson had always wanted his Requiem inscribed on his tomb:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup></p><dl style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Under the wide and starry sky,</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Dig the grave and let me lie.</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Glad did I live and gladly die,</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">And I laid me down with a will.</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">This be the verse you grave for me:</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Here he lies where he longed to be;</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">Home is the sailor, home from sea,</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">And the hunter home from the hill.</dd></dl></dd></dl><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was loved by the Samoans, and his tombstone epigraph was translated to a Samoan song of grief.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modern reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Half of Stevenson's original manuscripts are lost, including those of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Arrow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Black Arrow">The Black Arrow</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_of_Ballantrae" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Master of Ballantrae">The Master of Ballantrae</a></i>. His heirs sold his papers during World War I, and many Stevenson documents were auctioned off in 1918.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was a celebrity in his own time, being admired by many other writers, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Pavese" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cesare Pavese">Cesare Pavese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Barrie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chaney_96-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-Chaney-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, who said that Stevenson "seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillikins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spillikins">spillikins</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-97" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson was seen for much of the 20th century as a second-class writer. He became relegated to children's literature and horror genres,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arata_98-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-arata-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> condemned by literary figures such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> (daughter of his early mentor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen</a>) and her husband <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leonard Woolf">Leonard Woolf</a>, and he was gradually excluded from the canon of literature taught in schools.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arata_98-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-arata-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> His exclusion reached its nadir in the 1973 2,000-page <i>Oxford Anthology of English Literature</i> where he was entirely unmentioned, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Norton Anthology of English Literature">The Norton Anthology of English Literature</a></i> excluded him from 1968 to 2000 (1st–7th editions), including him only in the 8th edition (2006).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arata_98-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-arata-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The late 20th century brought a re-evaluation of Stevenson as an artist of great range and insight, a literary theorist, an essayist and social critic, a witness to the colonial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Pacific_Islands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of the Pacific Islands">history of the Pacific Islands</a> and a humanist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arata_98-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-arata-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> He was praised by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a>, one of the Oxford <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inklings" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inklings">Inklings</a>, as a writer of a consistently high level of "literary skill or sheer imaginative power" and a pioneer of the Age of the Story Tellers along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> He is now evaluated as a peer of authors such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> (whom Stevenson influenced with his South Seas fiction) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, with new scholarly studies and organisations devoted to him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-arata_98-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-arata-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup> Throughout the vicissitudes of his scholarly reception, Stevenson has remained popular worldwide. According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Translationum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Index Translationum">Index Translationum</a>, Stevenson is ranked the 26th-most-translated author in the world, ahead of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-indextrans_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-indextrans-100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">On the subject of Stevenson's modern reputation, American film critic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> wrote in 1996,</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">I was talking to a friend the other day who said he'd never met a child who liked reading Robert Louis Stevenson's <i>Treasure Island</i>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Neither have I, I said. And he'd never met a child who liked reading Stevenson's <i>Kidnapped</i>. Me neither, I said. My early exposure to both books was via the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics_Illustrated" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Classics Illustrated">Classics Illustrated</a> comic books. But I did read the books later, when I was no longer a kid, and I enjoyed them enormously. Same goes for Stevenson's <i>Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde</i>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;">The fact is, Stevenson is a splendid writer of stories for adults, and he should be put on the same shelf with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jack London">Jack London</a> instead of in between <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Winnie the Pooh">Winnie the Pooh</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-101" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Monuments_and_commemoration">Monuments and commemoration</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Monuments and commemoration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Scotland">Scotland</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Scotland">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2921" data-file-width="3666" decoding="async" height="175" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_sculpture_in_St._Giles%27_cathedral.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bronze relief memorial of Stevenson in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Giles%27_Cathedral" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Giles' Cathedral">St. Giles' Cathedral</a>, Edinburgh</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1429" data-file-width="1245" decoding="async" height="253" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_head.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Profile <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Stevenson, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_Museum" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Writers' Museum">Writers' Museum</a>, Edinburgh</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2448" data-file-width="3264" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_statue.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of Stevenson as a child, outside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton_Parish_Church" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colinton Parish Church">Colinton Parish Church</a> in Edinburgh</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27_Museum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Writers' Museum">Writers' Museum</a> near Edinburgh's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a> devotes a room to Stevenson, containing some of his personal possessions from childhood through to adulthood.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">A bronze relief memorial to Stevenson, designed by the American sculptor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a> in 1904, is mounted in the Moray Aisle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="">St Giles' Cathedral</a>, Edinburgh.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-102" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup> Saint-Gaudens' scaled-down version of this relief is in the collection of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_Art_Museum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Montclair Art Museum">Montclair Art Museum</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup> Another small version depicting Stevenson with a cigarette in his hand rather than the pen he holds in the St. Giles memorial is displayed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichols_House_Museum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nichols House Museum">Nichols House Museum</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill, Boston</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-104" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the West Princes Street Gardens below <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> a simple upright stone is inscribed: "RLS – A Man of Letters 1850–1894" by sculptor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hamilton_Finlay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ian Hamilton Finlay">Ian Hamilton Finlay</a> in 1987.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup> In 2013, a statue of Stevenson as a child with his dog was unveiled by the author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rankin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a> outside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton_Parish_Church" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colinton Parish Church">Colinton Parish Church</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCRLS_106-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-BBCRLS-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup> The sculptor of the statue was Alan Herriot, and the money to erect it was raised by the Colinton Community Conservation Trust.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCRLS_106-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-BBCRLS-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1994, to mark the 100th anniversary of Stevenson's death, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland#Banknotes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> issued a series of commemorative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">£1 notes</a> which featured a quill pen and Stevenson's signature on the obverse, and Stevenson's face on the reverse side. Alongside Stevenson's portrait are scenes from some of his books and his house in Western Samoa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-commemorative_107-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-commemorative-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup> Two million notes were issued, each with a serial number beginning "RLS". The first note to be printed was sent to Samoa in time for their centenary celebrations on 3 December 1994.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_State_Historic_Park#Stevenson_House" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monterey State Historic Park">Stevenson House</a> at 530 Houston Street in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, formerly the French Hotel, memorializes Stevenson's 1879 stay in "the Old Pacific Capital", as he was crossing the United States to join his future wife, Fanny Osbourne. The Stevenson House museum is graced with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> depicting the sickly author writing in bed.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyglass_Hill_Golf_Course" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spyglass Hill Golf Course">Spyglass Hill Golf Course</a>, originally called Pebble Beach Pines Golf Club, was renamed "Spyglass Hill" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Brown_Morse" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samuel Finley Brown Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a> (1885–1969), the founder of Pebble Beach Company, after a place in Stevenson's <i>Treasure Island</i>. All the holes at Spyglass Hill are named after characters and places in the novel.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in St. Helena, California, is home to over 11,000 objects and artifacts, the majority of which belonged to Stevenson. Opened in 1969, the museum houses such treasures as his childhood rocking chair, writing desk, toy soldiers and personal writings among many other items. The museum is free to the public and serves as an academic archive for students, writers and Stevenson enthusiasts.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> there is an outdoor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_Memorial" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial">Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Square" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portsmouth Square">Portsmouth Square</a>.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">At least six US public and private schools are named after Stevenson, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_West_Side" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a> of New York City,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-109" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridley,_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fridley, Minnesota">Fridley, Minnesota</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-110" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St Giles' Cathedral">Burbank, California</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-111" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup> in Grandview Heights, Ohio (suburb of Columbus), in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-112" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_Island,_Florida" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merritt Island, Florida">Merritt Island, Florida</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-113" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> There is an R. L. Stevenson middle school in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii and in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">Saint Helena, California</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_School" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="">Stevenson School</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Beach,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pebble Beach, California">Pebble Beach, California</a>, was established in 1952 and still exists as a college preparatory boarding school. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_State_Park" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Louis Stevenson State Park">Robert Louis Stevenson State Park</a> near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calistoga,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calistoga, California">Calistoga, California</a>, contains the location where he and Fanny spent their honeymoon in 1880.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-114" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup></p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">A street in Honolulu's Waikiki District, where Stevenson lived while in the Hawaiian Islands, was named after his Samoan moniker: Tusitala.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-115" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Samoa">Samoa</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Samoa">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="2100" decoding="async" height="31" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg/220px-Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg/330px-Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg/440px-Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephenson_Museum_Apia_banner.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>RLS Museum, Samoa</div></div></div><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stevenson's former home in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vailima,_Samoa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vailima, Samoa">Vailima</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, is now a museum dedicated to the later years of his life. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_Museum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Louis Stevenson Museum">Robert Louis Stevenson Museum</a> presents the house as it was at the time of his death. The path to Stevenson's grave at the top of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vaea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Vaea">Mount Vaea</a> commences from the museum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:02_116-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-:02-116" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="England_and_France">England and France</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Louis_Stevenson&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: England and France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">A garden was designed by the Bournemouth Corporation in 1957 as a memorial to Stevenson, on the site of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbourne,_Dorset" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Westbourne, Dorset">Westbourne</a> house, "Skerryvore", which he occupied from 1885 to 1887. A statue of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skerryvore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skerryvore">Skerryvore</a> lighthouse is present on the site. Robert Louis Stevenson Avenue in Westbourne is named after him.</p><p style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); margin: 0.5em 0px;">The Chemin de Stevenson (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR_70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="GR 70">GR 70</a>) is a popular long-distance footpath in France that approximately follows Stevenson's route as described in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travels_with_a_Donkey_in_the_C%C3%A9vennes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes">Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes</a></i>. There are numerous monuments and businesses named after him along the route, including a fountain in the town of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-du-Gard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint-Jean-du-Gard">Saint-Jean-du-Gard</a> where Stevenson sold his donkey Modestine and took a stagecoach to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8s" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alès">Alès</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-castle_117-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson#cite_note-castle-117" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson</span></span></p></div></div></div>Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-40750118692839029532021-07-25T21:40:00.004-07:002021-07-25T21:40:50.201-07:00The Phantom (1996) - Phantoms First Appearence Scene<p><a href="The Phantom (1996) - Phantoms First Appearence Scene" target="_blank"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN1VtuDAjrE</a></p>Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-9803563346112851922021-07-25T21:32:00.003-07:002021-07-25T21:32:13.283-07:00Shahrukh Khan about Bahadur<p><a href="Shahrukh khan About Bahadur" target="_blank"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8O9qZVOVPs</a></p>Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-15212103314085468442021-07-25T21:26:00.001-07:002021-07-25T21:43:29.640-07:00Bahadur is back<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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font-size: 1.8em; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx6jHmh36WvE30J1XzC-sTVicb9g7QGxRP0CebhgnncRuuR69tSC4mqOoD8evMSfkoGUqNv49uLwABIpAB6Pfe9X4nHryUccEXNTn87CRpajYZQh06DcEV1pDt_Fqn2N_4FkJeEdmZYiH4/s2048/Aabid+%2526me.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx6jHmh36WvE30J1XzC-sTVicb9g7QGxRP0CebhgnncRuuR69tSC4mqOoD8evMSfkoGUqNv49uLwABIpAB6Pfe9X4nHryUccEXNTn87CRpajYZQh06DcEV1pDt_Fqn2N_4FkJeEdmZYiH4/s320/Aabid+%2526me.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Usman Khan with Abid Surti</span></div><br /></h1><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.88px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="contentSub2" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"></div><div id="jump-to-nav"></div><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to navigation</a><a class="mw-jump-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#searchInput" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); color: #0645ad; display: block; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; text-decoration-line: none; width: 1px;">Jump to search</a><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 167.797px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Wiki letter w.svg" data-file-height="44" data-file-width="44" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 1252.41px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:LEADLENGTH" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="infobox-above" colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="fn" style="display: inline;">Aabid Surti</div></th></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">5 May 1935<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 86)</span><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display: inline;">Vavera, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian people">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">Diploma in Arts</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._School_of_Art" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J. J. School of Art">J. J. School of Art</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="vertical-align: top;">Author, cartoonist, painter, environmentalist</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="white-space: nowrap;">Notable work</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_(comics)" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bahadur (comics)">Bahadur</a>, Teesri Aankh, The Black Book, In Name of Rama</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Spouse(s)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">Masooma Begum</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">2</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">National Award, Hindi Sahitya Sanstha Award, Gujarat Gaurav</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://aabidsurti.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?48e54") right center no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">aabidsurti<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Abid Surti</b> or <b>Aabid Surti</b> (born 5 May 1935) is a painter, author, cartoonist, journalist, environmentalist, playwright and screenwriter from India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-A-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-B_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-B-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> He was given a National Award<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; margin-left: 0.1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the government of India in 1993 for writing a series of short stories called the "Teesri Aankh".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><div aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" class="toc" id="toc" role="navigation" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px;"><input class="toctogglecheckbox" id="toctogglecheckbox" role="button" style="direction: ltr; display: none; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; z-index: -1;" type="checkbox" /><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 0px; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 12.502px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#Life" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#Writings" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Writings</span></a><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#Works" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Works</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#Paintings" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Paintings</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#Cartoons_and_comic-books" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Cartoons and comic-books</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#As_an_environmentalist" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">As an environmentalist</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#Documentary" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Documentary</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#Awards_&_Recognition" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards & Recognition</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#References" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #202122; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Abid Surti was born in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati Muslim</a> family on 5 May 1935 at Vavera, near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajula" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rajula">Rajula</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India to Gulam Hussain and Sakina Begum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> In his childhood, at the age of 5, he almost got carried away by flood in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapti_river" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tapti river">Tapti river</a> near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Surat">Surat</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> The family later shifted to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and he spent his childhood in Dongri area of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. His father was follower of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Z_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-Z-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> He joined the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._School_of_Art" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="J. J. School of Art">J. J. School of Art</a> in 1954 and obtained a Diploma in Arts. He was greatly influenced by the writings of 20th-century Bengali novelist, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharat_Chandra_Chatterji" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sharat Chandra Chatterji">Sharat Chandra Chatterji</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Besides being a writer in Hindi and Gujarati, he is also an expert in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> He started his career as a freelancer. In 1965, he married Masooma Begum; they have two sons from this marriage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Writings">Writings</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Surti has written short stories, novels, plays, children's books and travelogues. Several of his books have been translated into regional languages. He has also been writing for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> newspapers and magazines for over 40 years and received a National Award for his short-story collection <i>Teesri Aankh</i> in 1993.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-A-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> He became an author by accident. When his first love broke down due to family pressure, the teenaged Aabid had no one to confide in – so he began putting his story on paper. The story was published in Gujarati in 1965 as <i>Tootela Farishta</i> (Fallen Angels) and proved to be an unexpected success.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-H_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-H-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">He has written more than 80 books, including 45 novels, 10 short story collections and 7 plays.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-H_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-H-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The autobiographical novel <i>Musalman</i> was an account of his childhood in the poverty-ridden Dongri area of Mumbai.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-H_9-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-H-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> His latest novel, <i>Sufi</i>, describes the parallel lives of two friends: the author himself and a man called Iqbal Rupani, who rose to become the kingpin of the Mumbai underworld in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> In 1975, his fictional version based on the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Bible" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Devil's Bible">Devil's Bible</a></i>, entitled <i>The Black Book</i>, created a nationwide controversy. Even amidst critical acclaim, it was translated into seven languages and voted Book of the Year in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-H_9-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-H-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> He earned the nickname the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> of India" after his <i>Black Book</i> was published.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-A-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> He has together with his son Aalif Surti and Chandrika Vyas, Rima Kashyap also penned a controversial and hard-hitting novel called <i>In Name of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rama">Rama</a></i> inspired by a true incident during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_of_Babri_Masjid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demolition of Babri Masjid">demolition of the Babri Masjid</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2007, he was awarded the <i>Hindi Sahitya Sanstha Award</i> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> government, and was given an award by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> government for his children's literary work <i>Rangat</i>. Among his other novels are <i>Canal</i> and <i>Daagh</i>. He has also worked as a television and film script-writer. He was the editor of the Gujarati annual magazine <i>Dayaro</i> for many years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Recently, he has sued the makers of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atithi_Tum_Kab_Jaoge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge">Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge</a></i>, which he says used his Gujarati novel <i>Bauter Varas No Babo</i>, published in 1976 and later translated into Hindi as <i>Bahatar Saal Ka Baccha</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">He has written graphic children's novels in Hindi, including <i>Buddh kyun muskuraye 2500 saal baad</i> (Why did the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> smile after 2500 years).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-S_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-S-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> He has also written satirical <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gazal">gazal</a> with common English words.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Gujarati</b></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tootela Farishta (1965)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dhutro</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aabh ma khilelu phool</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kapurush Mahapurush</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pagle Pagle Pyar</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Soofi</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kundali</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Fokatlalno Varghodo</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Adhura anek</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Vasant avyano mane vahem</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nana Nana Rakshash</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aathmo akash</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kala gulab</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pāpana pārano pradeṡa</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ram asrey</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rang badalti Roma</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Radata Gulmohar</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Boter varasno babo</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mari shreshth vartao</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Alag Matina Marad</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Baraf na chhera</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Ek zalak Japan ni</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dagh</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sukhano relo same par</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Musalman (translated into Eng. as Sufi)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jaldi Kar, Juliet (play)</li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Hindi</b> Collections</p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">10 Pratinidhi Kahaniyan</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">21 Shreshtha Kahaniyan</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">365 Kahaniyan (collection of stories of the well-known author)</li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Novels</p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kathavachak</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Adhi Stri</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bahata Paani</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bahattar Saal Ka Bachcha (translated from Guj)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Besabab</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Biswin Sadi Ka Aakhri Dashak</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Aadmi aur Chuhe</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Chamatkari Ladaki</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Cabaret Dancer</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Charitraheen</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Daag</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dastoor</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kale Gulab</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kapurush Mahapurush</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Khoya Hua Chehra</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kokh Se Kabra Tak Sati</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kora Canvas</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Labangi</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Maan</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mere Papa Ki Shadi</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Soonsaan</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tanha</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Vasak Sajja</li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Stories</p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Atankit</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bijliyan</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dhup Chhaon</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gujrati Ki Shreshtha Vyangya Kathaen</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Teesri Aankh</li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Travel</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Awara Abid</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Satire</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">365 Chutkule (selection of jokes)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bundabandi</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Plays</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Munchon Wali Begam</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>English</b></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Novels</p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Black Book (Kaali Kitaab)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In name of Rama</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Golf Widow</li></ul></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Plays</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">He is Radha</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Paintings">Paintings</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Paintings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Surti has been acclaimed as a painter, credited with using creative and original techniques to paint with oil and watercolours. His use of acrylic colours applied to Italian art paper is also said to be out of this world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> An accomplished painter, he has held 16 exhibitions in India and abroad. In his early years, he invented an innovative technique called "mirror collage" which won critical acclaim in Japan. In 1971, the Indian government commissioned a short film to showcase his creative work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-D_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-D-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cartoons_and_comic-books">Cartoons and comic-books</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Cartoons and comic-books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The first cartoon characters he created were in 1952–53 for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> magazine <i>Ramakadu</i>. It consisted of a comic feature of four pages in colour with three prominent characters – a boy, a girl and a monkey, entitled <i>Rang Lakhudi</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-S_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-S-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> As a cartoonist, he later created the lovable simpleton <i>Dhabbuji</i>. The original and popular cartoon strip has been one of the longest-running comic strips in India, running without a break for over 30 years. It was the weekly comic strip that first appeared in Hindi magazine <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmyug" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dharmyug">Dharmyug</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-S_16-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-S-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-D_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-D-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> He also created another comic book character, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_(comics)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bahadur (comics)">Bahadur</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-A_1-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-A-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-S_16-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-S-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-D_19-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-D-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> which achieved a large fan following, when the comics started to be published in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrajal_Comics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indrajal Comics">Indrajal Comics</a> from 1978.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Z_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-Z-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> He also created other comic book characters like Inspector Azad,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Inspector Vikram and a lady character named Shuja.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> The cartoon <i>Dhabbuji</i> and comics of <i>Bahadur</i>, <i>Inspector Azad</i>, <i>Inspector Vikram</i> and <i>Shuja</i> were all also published in English. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Kapoor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Raj Kapoor">Raj Kapoor</a> once wanted to make a film based on <i>Inspector Azad</i>, showing that the popularity of his comic strips were high.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> Further, his famous comic strips <i>Doctor Chinchoo Ke Chamatkar</i>, which was published in the Hindi magazine <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parag_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parag (magazine)">Parag</a></i> from 1963 to 1965 is being serialised by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Trust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Book Trust">National Book Trust</a> as <i>Doctor Chinchoo Ke Kaarnamein</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="As_an_environmentalist">As an environmentalist</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: As an environmentalist">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Abid Surti founded Drop Dead, a water conservation initiative in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> in 2007. Every Sunday, along with a plumber and an assistant, he visits houses in and around Mira Road and fixes dripping taps. He simply replaces old O-ring rubber gaskets with new ones. The idea struck him in 2007 when he noticed the dripping tap in his friend's house. "A tap that drips water once every second wastes about 1,000 litres of water every month so imagine how much we all waste," he points out. Surti and his assistants raise awareness through posters and pamphlets. He pays for all expenses from his pocket.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-B_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-B-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Documentary">Documentary</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=7&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Documentary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Pramod Pati has directed a documentary on the life of Abid Surti.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-X_6-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-X-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Awards_.26_Recognition"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_&_Recognition">Awards & Recognition</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abid_Surti&action=edit&section=8&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Awards & Recognition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Abid Surti is featured as Indian comics legend creative in the Legend Calendar 2019 released by Comix Theory as featured legendary artist for the month of January.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abid_Surti#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> He has been awarded National Award 1993, Hindi Sahitya Sanstha Award, Gujarat Gaurav.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><br /></p></div></div></div>Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-89454074042281886642020-11-30T22:20:00.003-08:002020-11-30T22:20:31.239-08:00Indian Comics Fan ;)<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3qFsszRrJ-DgXEeOeseIks6yMJSEJw8hOOR69u6kxkzMe8UtUqQUuAICO9vWIMuusu9t_Jhsc2V9qq3fjmpG4fDzbDKjLmDoeSfWub5gpo7QBhM1vMwnhcUfVG64t_iuBBo7ynpluhPT/s1091/comics+fan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="1091" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp3qFsszRrJ-DgXEeOeseIks6yMJSEJw8hOOR69u6kxkzMe8UtUqQUuAICO9vWIMuusu9t_Jhsc2V9qq3fjmpG4fDzbDKjLmDoeSfWub5gpo7QBhM1vMwnhcUfVG64t_iuBBo7ynpluhPT/w609-h389/comics+fan.jpg" width="609" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-40315162308072442052017-06-05T08:04:00.001-07:002017-06-05T08:04:52.450-07:00भीख में मिली कॉमिक्स ने कार्टूनिस्ट बना दिया<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="आबिद सुरती" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/79A6/production/_93624113_e92c31e6-54eb-46f5-a657-617253d1dafa.jpg" height="351" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/79A6/production/_93624113_e92c31e6-54eb-46f5-a657-617253d1dafa.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="624" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">MADHU PAL</span></span></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
चर्चित कार्टूनिस्ट और लेखक 81 वर्षीय आबिद सुरती बीते कुछ साल से लोगों के घरों में टपकते नल और पाइपलाइन निशुल्क ठीक करते हैं.</div>
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आबिद सुरती ने साल 2007 में 'द ड्रॉप डेड फाउंडेशन' अभियान की शुरुआत की और तब से लोगों को पानी बचाने के लिए सचेत कर रहे हैं.</div>
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सुरती बताते हैं कि उनका बचपन बेहद ग़रीबी में बीता और अधिकांश बचपन फुटपाथ पर गुज़रा.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a class="story-body__link" href="http://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/2015/11/151118_abid_surti_story_adp" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">मिलिए कार्टूनिस्ट और 'प्लंबर' आबिद सुरती से</a></div>
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<a class="story-body__link-external" href="https://www.facebook.com/bbchindi/videos/1440371289327775/" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">आबिद सुरती के साथ फ़ेसबुक लाइव का वीडियो</a></div>
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="पानी बचाओ" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/A0B6/production/_93624114_72a1092c-4449-4918-8738-2dfc67cc3006.jpg" height="351" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/A0B6/production/_93624114_72a1092c-4449-4918-8738-2dfc67cc3006.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="624" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ABID</span></span></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
बीबीसी के साथ फ़ेसबुक लाइव में सुरती बताते हैं कि विभाजन के समय उनका आधा कुनबा पाकिस्तान चला गया था और उनकी माँ की ज़िद के कारण आधा कुनबा हिंदुस्तान में रुक गया.</div>
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उन्होंने बताया, "हम सभी लोग एक खोली में रहते थे. फुटपाथ पर सोते थे. हमारी परवरिश करीब-करीब फुटपाथ पर ही हुई."</div>
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सुरती के कार्टूनों की तरफ रुझान बढ़ने की घटना भी कुछ कम मज़ेदार नहीं थी.</div>
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सुरती ने बताया, "परिवार बहुत ग़रीबी में था. माँ दूसरों के घरों में झाड़ू-पोंछा करती थी और हम बच्चे लोग भीख मांगने जाया करते थे. मैं तब सात-आठ साल का रहा हूँगा.''</div>
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उन्होंने कहा, ''तब दूसरे विश्व युद्ध के फौजी मुंबई के डॉक इलाके में उतरा करते थे और फिर एक छोटी गाड़ी उन्हें छत्रपति शिवाजी टर्मिनल स्टेशन तक ले जाती थी. हम उस ट्रेन के पीछे-पीछे भागा करते थे."</div>
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="आबिद सुरती" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/C7C6/production/_93624115_d0943327-02f1-4b77-b51e-22075926689e.jpg" height="371" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/C7C6/production/_93624115_d0943327-02f1-4b77-b51e-22075926689e.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="660" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ABID</span></span></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
सुरती बताते हैं, "हम 6-7 बच्चों का गैंग था. हम लोग उनसे डॉलर, सैंडविच मांगा करते थे. एक बार किसी ने एक कॉमिक उछाला...सब उस पर टूट पड़े. किसी के हाथ में एक तो किसी के हाथ दो पन्ने आए. मेरे हिस्से एक पन्ना आया और वो पन्ना था मिकी माउस कॉमिक का."</div>
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उन्होंने कहा कि जब ये देखा तो लगा कि ये तो वो भी बना सकते हैं. सुरती बताते हैं, "शुरुआत मिकी माउस से हुई.. और फिर मैं ढब्बू जी पर पहुँचा."</div>
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और उनके ढब्बू जी ने भारत में क्या तहलका मचाया, इससे सभी वाक़िफ़ हैं.</div>
Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-39825378141429553242017-06-05T07:28:00.000-07:002017-06-05T07:28:01.773-07:00कॉमिक कैरेक्टर प्रिया रोकेगी तेज़ाब हमला<h1 class="story-body__h1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 2rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
कॉमिक कैरेक्टर प्रिया रोकेगी तेज़ाब हमला</h1>
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<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="प्रिया मिरर" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/55C7/production/_91395912_488ee066-6381-47f4-be1c-68d862d1a6be.jpg" height="549" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/55C7/production/_91395912_488ee066-6381-47f4-be1c-68d862d1a6be.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ARTWORK BY DAN GOLDMAN</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">बाघ पर सवार कॉमिक कैरेक्टर प्रिया मिरर</span></figcaption></figure><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
काफ़ी मशहूर हो चुकी बलात्कार पीड़ित 'सुपर हीरो' कार्टून कैरेक्टर प्रिया शक्ति इस बार बदले हुए रूप में है.</div>
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इसका नाम भी बदला हुआ है. प्रिया शक्ति 'प्रिया मिरर' बन चुकी है और तेज़ाब हमलों के ख़िलाफ़ मोर्चा खोल चुकी है.</div>
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कार्टून चरित्र प्रिया दो साल पहले हिंदू पौराणिक कथाओं से प्रेरित हो कर शुरू किया गया था. यह एक बलात्कार पीड़िता की कहानी है, जो यौन हमलों के ख़िलाफ़ लड़ती है.</div>
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प्रिया मिरर भारत और दूसरे देशों में हो रहे तेज़ाब हमलों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती है. यह न्यूयॉर्क, बोगोटा और दिल्ली में तेज़ाब हमलों की शिकार महिलाओं की कहानी कहती है.</div>
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इसे भारत-अमरीकी फ़िल्मकार राम देवीनेनी ने तैयार किया है.</div>
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वो बीबीसी से कहते हैं, "मैंने यह विषय इसलिए चुना कि बलात्कार तेज़ाब हमले से जुड़ा हुआ मामला है. दोनों ही मामलों में पितृसत्तात्मक व्यवस्था, सामाजिक कलंक और पीड़िता के प्रति लोगों का रवैया एक समान है. दरअसल, तेज़ाब हमले के पीड़ितों के प्रति लोगों की संवेदना दस गुना कम है क्योंकि ये धब्बे साफ तौर पर दिखते हैं."</div>
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भारत, पाकिस्तान, बांग्लादेश, कोलंबिया और अफ़्रीका में हर साल हज़ारों महिलाएं तेज़ाब हमले का शिकार होती हैं. लगभग हर मामले में हमलावर पुरुष होता है, वह बदले की भावना से ऐसा करता है और लगभग सभी मामलों में वह प्रेम में ठुकाराए जाने के बाद ही यह कदम उठाता है.</div>
<figure class="media-landscape has-caption full-width" style="background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="सोनिया चौधरी, मोनिका सिंह, लक्ष्मी शॉ" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/13C3F/production/_91395908_24252a42-c4ed-4b3d-b9bc-35494d7cfdc2.jpg" height="570" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/13C3F/production/_91395908_24252a42-c4ed-4b3d-b9bc-35494d7cfdc2.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ARTWORK BY DAN GOLDMAN</span></span><figcaption class="media-caption" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span class="media-caption__text" style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">तेज़ाब हमले की पीड़िता सोनिया चौधरी, मोनिका सिंह और लक्ष्मी शॉ को कॉमिक कार्टून में दिखाया गया है.</span></figcaption></figure><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
देवीनेनी कहते हैं कि तेज़ाब हथियारों से "ज़्यादा ख़तरनाक" है क्योंकि यह "निहायत ही भ्रामक" होता है.</div>
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उन्होंने कहा, "यह साफ तरल है जो देखने में डरावना नहीं लगता है. इसे हासिल करना आसान है और कई बार हमलावर भी नहीं जानते कि तेज़ाब हमले पीड़ितों को किस कदर तबाह कर सकते हैं. "</div>
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न्यूयॉर्क के लिंकन सेंटर में होने वाले फ़िल्मोत्सव के दौरान 36 पृष्ठों इस कॉमिक्स का लोकार्पण किया जाएगा. यह पांच भाषाओं- अंग्रेज़ी, हिंदी, पुर्तगाली, स्पेनिश और इतालवी में जारी किया जाएगा. इसे वेबसाइट से मुफ़्त डाउनलोड भी किया जा सकेगा.</div>
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कॉमिक्स में प्रिया अपने खूंखार बाघ 'साहस' पर सवार है. वह खलनायक 'अंहकार' के किले पर हमला करती है और भला आदमी दिखने वाल दुष्ट के चंगुल से तेज़ाब हमला पीड़ितों को आज़ाद कराती है.</div>
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सह लेखिका पारोमिता वोहरा कहती हैं कि प्रिया का हथियार अलग किस्म का है. वह पीड़िता से कहती है कि वे 'प्रेम के आईने' में झांके और उन्हें दागों के इतर दिखेगा, उन्हें वह दिखेगा जो वे पहले थीं, मसलन, गायक, बढ़ई या चित्रकार.</div>
<figure class="media-portrait no-caption full-width" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="तेज़ाब हमलों के ख़िलाफ़ कॉमिक" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/7CD7/production/_91395913_f7c8f459-c025-494a-8771-5d8586d029cd.jpg" height="1300" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/7CD7/production/_91395913_f7c8f459-c025-494a-8771-5d8586d029cd.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="976" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ARTWORK BY DAN GOLDMAN</span></span></figure><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
प्रिया की पहली किताब साल 2012 में दिल्ली में 23 साल की छात्रा के साथ हुए सामूहिक बलात्कार के बाद आई थी. पूरी दुनिया में ज़बरदस्त विरोध के बाद भारत ने लिंग के आधार पर होने वाले अपराधों से जुड़े क़ानून कड़े किए और मौत की सज़ा को भी शामिल किया.</div>
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वोहरा कहती हैं कि खलनायक भी पितृसत्तात्मक व्यवस्था की ही उपज हैं.</div>
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उन्होंने बीबीसी से कहा, "जब एक स्त्री किसी पुरुष को मना कर देती है तो उसके अहम पर चोट पहुंचती है. यह अहम जब तेज़ाब से मिलता है तो पूरे समाज को बर्बाद कर देता है. इस तरह वह खलनायक है, पर वह भी पीड़ित ही है. यदि हम इस पितृसत्तात्मक मानसिकता को बदलना चाहते हैं तो हमें खलनायक और पीड़िता, दोनों को अलग अलग नज़रिए से देखना की ज़रूरत है."</div>
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कॉमिक्स से जुड़े चित्रकार डैन गोल्डमैन का कहना है कि उन्होंने पहले पूरी दनिया के तेज़ाब पीड़ितों की तस्वीरें देखी और फिर चित्र उकेरना शुरू किया.</div>
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उन्होंने बीबीसी से कहा, "मैंने संतुलन बनाने की और वास्तविकता से मुंह नहीं मोड़ने की कोशिश की, पर वे जीते जागते लोग हैं और उन्हें अपने अंदर देखना था ताकि वे प्रेम के आईने में झांक सकें."</div>
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गोल्डमैन ने अमरीका और ब्राज़ील में काफ़ी समय बिताया है, लिहाज़ा, उन्हें तेज़ाब हमले की समस्या के बारे में पता है.</div>
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वे कहते हैं, "मुझे पता था कि कोलंबिया में ऐसा होता है, पर मैं यह नहीं समझ पाया कि यह इतना ज़्यादा होता है."</div>
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उनके मुताबिक़, अमरीका में तेज़ाब हमले के बारे में लोगों को जानकारी नहीं है. वे कहते हैं कि अमरीका में जब इस मुद्दे पर चर्चा की तो लोगों ने कहा, "लेकिन आपको तेज़ाब कहां से और कैसे मिलेगा? भारत और दूसरे कुछ देशों में यह इतनी आसानी से मिल जाता है, लोग इस पर सदमे में पड़ जाते हैं. "</div>
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तेज़ाब के कई हमलों के बाद सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने इसकी बिक्री पर नियंत्रण करने को कहा.</div>
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तो क्या प्रिया समाज को शीशा दिखा पाएगी? क्या प्रेम का आईना पीड़ितों को मुक्ति दिला पाएगा?</div>
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न्यूयॉर्क में रहने वाली मोनिका सिंह का मानना है कि तेज़ाब के हमलों के ख़िलाफ़ यह आईना ही सबसे कारगर हथियार हो सकता है.</div>
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वे जब 19 साल की थी, शादी का एक प्रस्ताव ठुकरा देने के बाद उन पर तेज़ा से हमला कर दिया गया था. उनके लिए सबसे कठिन काम था आईने में अपना चेहरा देखना.</div>
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वे एक संस्था चलाती हैं, जो तेज़ाब हमलों के पीड़ितों की मदद करता है. उनका मानना है कि यह कॉमिक्स युवाओं को तेज़ाब हमले के असर के बारे में लोगों को बताएगा.</div>
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(बीबीसी हिन्दी के एंड्रॉएड ऐप के लिए आप <a class="story-body__link-external" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=uk.co.bbc.hindi" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">यहां</a> क्लिक कर सकते हैं. आप हमें <a class="story-body__link-external" href="https://www.facebook.com/bbchindi" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">फ़ेसबुक</a> और <a class="story-body__link-external" href="https://twitter.com/BBCHindi" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #222222; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ट्विटर </a>पर फ़ॉलो भी कर सकते हैं.)</div>
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इस खबर को शेयर करें <a href="http://www.bbc.com/hindi/institutional/2013/02/000000_about_share_this" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(17, 103, 168, 0.3); border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.5em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">शेयरिंग के बारे में</a></h2>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-38167291698151384522017-05-28T06:16:00.004-07:002017-05-28T06:16:51.609-07:00आठ आने की कॉमिक्स अब लाख की<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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नागराज, सुपर कमांडो ध्रुव, बांकेलाल, डोगा, राम-रहीम, चाचा चौधरी और साबू, बिल्लू, पिंकी, फैंटम जैसे चरित्रों के नाम अभी भी हिंदी कॉमिक्स पढ़ने वालों के ज़ेहन में ज़िंदा हैं.</div>
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भारत में हिंदी कॉमिक्स का सफ़र साल 1964 में इंद्रजाल कॉमिक्स के साथ शुरू हुआ और इस पब्लिकेशन ने अमरीकी कॉमिक निर्माता ली फ़ॉल्क के कालजयी किरदारों मैंड्रेक और फ़ैंटम की कहानियों को छापना शुरू किया.</div>
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इनकी लोकप्रियता को देखकर साल 1979 में भारत में डायमंड कॉमिक्स का सफ़र शुरू हुआ और उसके बाद इस इंडस्ट्री में कई नाम जुड़ने लगे.</div>
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/07/160407124828_comics_story_pic1_624x351_bbc.jpg" height="351" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/07/160407124828_comics_story_pic1_624x351_bbc.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="624" /></span></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
लेकिन शुरुआत में आठ आने में मिलने वाली कॉमिक्स की कीमत आज नीलामी में एक लाख़ हो जाना एक रोचक बात है.</div>
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बीबीसी से बात करते हुए भारत में कॉमिक्स संग्रहकर्ताओं को एकसूत्र में जोड़ने वाले हसन ज़हीर बताते हैं कि इंद्रजाल और डायमंड के बाद कॉमिक्स प्रकाशनों की बाढ़ सी आ गई.</div>
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राज, मनोज, तुलसी, गोयल, किंग जैसी कई कंपनिया कॉमिक्स निकालने लगीं.</div>
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वो कहते हैं, “लेकिन यहीं समस्या शुरू हुई, ये सभी कहानियां हिंदी में आती थीं और ऐसे में ‘हिंदी बेल्ट’ में एक ही समय पर कई कॉमिक्स प्रकाशन उभर आए और प्रतियोगिता के चलते छोटे प्रकाशन बंद होने लगे.”</div>
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हसन बताते हैं कि काग़ज़ और छपाई की बढ़ती कीमतों के चलते भी कई लोकप्रिय प्रकाशकों को अपनी प्रेस बंद करनी पड़ी और धीरे-धीरे रद्दी में चली जाने वाली प्रिंट्स दुर्लभ बन गईं.</div>
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/18/160418070400_hasan_zaheer_comic_story_624x351_hasanzaheer.jpg" height="351" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/18/160418070400_hasan_zaheer_comic_story_624x351_hasanzaheer.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="624" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">HASAN ZAHEER</span></span></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
बीते साल हुई नीलामी में इंद्रजाल कॉमिक्स की पहली कॉमिक्स फ़ैंटम 1, 2, 3 की बोली कुल एक लाख रुपए लगी लेकिन इस तरह की नीलामी में इन कॉमिक्सों के मालिक हसन न तो हिस्सा लेते हैं न ही इन्हें बेचने का ख़्याल रखते हैं.</div>
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वह कहते हैं, “मैं जानता हूं कि कॉमिक्स की कीमत और बढ़ती जाएगी लेकिन बेचना या नीलामी करना मेरा काम नहीं मैं तो इन्हें धरोहर के तौर पर संभालना चाहता हूं.”</div>
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आठ हज़ार से ज्यादा कॉमिक्सों का संकलन रखने वाले हसन भारत में दूसरे कॉमिक्स के संग्रहकर्ताओं के बारे में भी बताते हैं, जिनमें से एक हैं राहुल शशांक.</div>
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पेशे से पत्रकार और सिविल सेवा की परीक्षाओं की तैयारी कर रहे राहुल के पास लगभग दो हज़ार कॉमिक्स मौजूद हैं और वह इस संकलन को बढ़ा रहे हैं.</div>
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राहुल कहते हैं, “मैंने राज कॉमिक्स के साथ काम किया है और मैं जानता हूं कि कॉमिक्स बनाना काफ़ी महंगा हो गया है. नागराज, ध्रुव, डोगा और बांकेलाल जैसे किरदारों को छोड़ दें, तो और किसी किरदार की कॉमिक्स नहीं बिकती है.”</div>
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राहुल बताते हैं कि उनके पास तुलसी कॉमिक्स की कुछ दुर्लभ कॉमिक्स हैं और राज कॉमिक्स के 90 के दशक में छपे मौलिक प्रिंट हैं, जिनकी कीमत आज लगभग 40 हज़ार के आसपास लगाई गई थी.</div>
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राहुल हंसते हुए बताते हैं, “मेरी पत्नी ने इन्हें एक बार 7 रुपए किलो के भाव से रद्दी में बेच दिया होता मैं बाहर था लेकिन संयोग से उस दिन कबाड़ी आया ही नहीं और आज मेरी पत्नी ही मेरा इस संकलन का ध्यान रखती है.”</div>
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लेकिन जहां पुरानी कॉमिक्सों की कीमत लाखों रुपए तक पहुंच रही है वहीं नई कॉमिक्स के ख़रीददार मौजूद नहीं है.</div>
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मुंबई के चर्चगेट स्टेशन पर कॉमिक्स बेचने वाले वाली ताहिरा कहती हैं कि हिंदी कॉमिक्स की मांग बहुत कम है और 25 से 35 साल के लोग ही इन्हें ख़रीदने आते हैं.</div>
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बच्चे इन्हें नहीं खरीद रहे ऐसे में हमें मालूम है कि कुछ समय बाद यह बेकार हो जाएंगी.</div>
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नई दिल्ली रेलवे स्टेशन के प्लेटफ़ॉर्म नंबर 16 पर किताबें बेचने वाले मुकेश कहते हैं, “हम खुद कॉमिक्स पढ़ते थे और आज भी हमें इनका क्रेज़ है, लेकिन ख़रीदने वाले ग्राहक नहीं मिलते. आप जैसे लोग आते हैं तो खुशी होती है.”</div>
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/07/160407125557_comics_story_pics3_624x351_bbc.jpg" height="351" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/07/160407125557_comics_story_pics3_624x351_bbc.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="624" /></span></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
कॉमिक्स के सामने एक बड़ी दुविधा पायरेसी की भी है और हसन बताते हैं कि बैंगलोर से चलने वाली एक वेबसाइट प्यारेटून्स ने सभी कॉमिक्स को स्कैन कर ऑनलाइन देना शुरू कर दिया था.</div>
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प्यारेटून्स के ख़िलाफ़ डायमंड कॉमिक्स और राज कॉमिक्स की शिकायत के बाद इस वेबसाइट से इन प्रकाशनों की कॉमिक्स को हटा लिया गया क्योंकि यह प्रकाशन अभी सक्रिय हैं.</div>
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कॉमिक्स बेचने वाले व ख़रीदने वाले भले ही कम हो रहे हों लेकिन राहुल और हसन जैसे संग्रहकर्ताओं को उम्मीद है कि हिंदी कॉमिक्स जल्द ही वापिस लौटेगी.</div>
<figure class="media-landscape no-caption full-width" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6406px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="image-and-copyright-container" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="responsive-image__img js-image-replace" data-highest-encountered-width="624" datasrc="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/07/160407121239_comics_nagraj_image_624x351_rajcomics.jpg" height="351" src="https://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/07/160407121239_comics_nagraj_image_624x351_rajcomics.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 616.203px;" width="624" /><span class="off-screen" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px !important; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px !important;">इमेज कॉपीरइट</span><span class="story-image-copyright" style="background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); border: 0px; bottom: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">RAJ COMICS</span></span></figure><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Mangal, Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.44444; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
अब तो फ़िल्म निर्माता अनुराग कश्यप भी कॉमिक किरदार डोगा पर फ़िल्म बनाने का घोषणा कर चुके हैं.</div>
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राहुल जो राज कॉमिक्स में काम कर चुके हैं बताते हैं, “साल 2000 में ‘नागराज’ पर एक धारावाहिक बनाने की कोशिश की गई थी, लेकिन निर्माण के खर्चे को देखकर इसे ठंडे बस्ते में डाल दिया गया.''</div>
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आगे कहते हैं कि अब बस डोगा के किरदार और कहानी के राइट्स पर निर्माता और राज कॉमिक्स के बीच बात अटकी है, जिसके सुलझते ही यह फ़िल्म सामने आएगी.”</div>
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फ़िल्म तो जब आएगी तब आएगी लेकिन अब आप भी अपने घर की पुरानी रद्दी खंगालिए क्या पता किसी पुरानी कॉमिक्स की शक्ल में आपके लाख़ रुपये धूल खा रहे हों!</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">sabhaar:-http://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/2016/04/160414_comics_story_sp</span></div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-34880796369557907582017-03-11T09:25:00.002-08:002017-03-11T09:25:53.015-08:00www.diamond-comics.com<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-39461920873353279242017-03-11T09:24:00.000-08:002017-03-11T09:24:08.692-08:00Comic Con India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India announces winner of Country’s Premier Cosplay Championship ‘Alto Indian Championship Of Cosplay’</span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sameer Bundela </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wins the championship for his cosplay as Skywrath from Dota 2.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">He will represent India at the Annual Crown Championships of Cosplay at Chicago Comics & Entertainment Expo! </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India, February 13’ 2017: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India announced the winner of Country’s Premier Cosplay Championship, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Alto Indian Championships Of Cosplay’. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The 1st ever action packed </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Indian Championship of Cosplay </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">organized by</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Comic Con India</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> received tremendous response from fans. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The championship took place on</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> February 12th 2017</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">at </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ansal Plaza, New Delhi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">initiated the competition to encourage local cosplayers to go professional and provide them an International platform as well. The competition engaged thousands of fans as it sparked an opportunity to represent the country at the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Annual Crown Championships of Cosplay at Chicago Comics & Entertainment Expo!</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The contender named </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sameer Bundela </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">who cosplayed as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Skywrath from Dota 2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bengaluru Comic Con 2016, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">won the championship. As the winner, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sameer Bundela</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> will receive an invitation to attend </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chicago Comics & Entertainment Expo to be held on April 21 -23’ 2017</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, where he will have the opportunity to enter directly into the championship round of</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Annual crown championship of Cosplay</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> the most prestigious cosplay competition in the world.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sameer Bundela, Winner, Indian Championships Of Cosplay, says,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“I am so happy that I can’t express my feeling in words. I am really excited for the Crown Championship in Chicago, as I plan to win the people over and make them more aware of the Indian cosplay community, Comics and Nerd culture. And Thank you so much Comic Con India for giving me this opportunity!”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Thanks to the fans for making Alto Indian Championship of Cosplay a great success. Here's wishing Sameer the very best for the ultimate finals at the Crown Championships in Chicago and Congratulations to all the other finalists! They were amazing!!”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">said Jatin Varma, Founder, Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Indian Championship Of Cosplay</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Winner was selected from the 9 finalists of the cosplay competitions held across the country in Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Mumbai and Delhi. The 9 finalists represent some of the best cosplayers in the country. And they are judged on the following criteria -</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Authenticity, Technique & Fit of their costume along with an overall Larger than Life quality of their cosplay.</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The judging team is made of up the Reedpop Content & marketing team, including members from India & Australia.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In addition to the main Indian champion, there was a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Fan Favourite" Award</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> too, which was decided through an online poll. The contest received around </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">30000 votes</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> over 35 days. The contender named </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akhil Macharla </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hyderabad, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">who cosplayed as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DAEDRIC from SKYRIM </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">at </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hyderabad Comic Con 2016, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">won the Fan Favourite Award by maximum votes. The winner, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Akhil Macharla</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> won a trip to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indonesia Comic Comic 2017</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The winner was determined based on the overall efforts put in the costumes by every contestant and voting by fans for every competent. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fans in the capital witnessed </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biggest Joker Cosplayer gathering</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Indian Championship of Cosplay</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, where all the Joker cosplayers gathered to set the record for the Biggest Joker gathering in India. The cosplayers also competed for the title of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Best Joker”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For visitors who wanted to join in the fun of cosplay, participated in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fan Cosplay Contest </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">which was open for all. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India under its 5 categories - </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. Comic book/graphic novel 2. Animated Series/Movie 3. Manga/Anime 4. Sci-Fi/Fantasy </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 5. Gaming</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> chose one winner in each category.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The event also featured an exciting speed painting session with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rohit Kumar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, live music by </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Popular Band ‘Classic Collective’ </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">& </span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DJ ‘Nisheeth Rao’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, along with great options for food & shopping.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> has always been at the forefront of the promoting pop-culture eco-system and cosplay (costume play) forms a big part of that world. From 13 cosplayers at our first ever convention to upwards of 2500 cosplayers at our last show in Delhi, the cosplay community has come a long way in India in the past 6 years. And we plan to continue supporting it.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: georgia; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is part of the Reedpop family of events, which is dedicated to producing world-class celebrations of popular culture around the world with events like New York Comic Con, Oz Comic Con, Shanghai Comic Con, Star Wars Celebration among many others. </span></div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-8137136029388467612016-08-17T08:18:00.003-07:002016-08-17T08:18:38.281-07:00Afshan Azad, Actress, Harry Potter attending HCC 2016 in September<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #fce5cd; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18.6667px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Get Ready to be spell bound at Alto Hyderabad Comic Con 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afshan Azad, Actress, Harry Potter attending HCC 2016 in September!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afshan will be taking part in special sessions, signing posters and speaking to fans</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India, 16 August’ 2016 - Comic Con India </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is thrilled to announce that </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afshan Azad, Actor, Harry Potter</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> will be attending </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hyderabad Comic Con 2016. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This is for the first time ever that Comic Con India is bringing in an International Actor as a Special Guest to Hyderabad. The convention will take place at </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hitex Exhibition Centre, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">on </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">September 24-25’ 2016 between 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afshan Azad</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is </span><span style="color: #212121; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">British born Bangladeshi actress</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. She is known for her performances as </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Padma Patil </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in five of the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harry Potter </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">films, starting with 2005 </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. </span><span style="color: #212121; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">She lives in Manchester UK, and is traveling to India for the first time for the Alto Hyderabad Comic-Con.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On attending</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Alto Hyderabad Comic Con 2016</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afshan Azad quotes</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“I am so excited to visit India and to see all my loyal fans at the Alto Hyderabad Comic-Con. It’s going to be a great event and I hope to see you all there soon!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">September 24-25’ 2016</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, fans of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harry Potter </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in India will be treated with a special session at </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Hyderabad Comic Con </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afshan Azad</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> herself. At the session she will talk about her work and will answer the questions from fans. Also, fans will get a chance to get pictures clicked with her and she will sign exclusive posters for the fans at the convention.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jatin Varma, Founder, Comic Con India, shared, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I am extremely excited to welcome Afshan to Alto Hyderabad Comic Con! It will be her first visit to India to meet fans and we can't wait to host her at the show next month!</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Other international guests who will be attending the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Hyderabad Comic Con 2016</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dan Parent, Artist & Writer, Archie Comics; David Lloyd, Illustrator, V for Vendetta </span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Nicole Marie Jean, International Pro-Cosplayer. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is dedicated to creating unique events and giving the fans, exhibitors and partners a platform to celebrate their undying love and passion for comics & pop culture. Comic Con India is dedicated to expanding India's popular culture by creating high profile events that cater to fans of not only comics, but also, gaming, movies, television, merchandise, toys & more.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India is part of the Reedpop family of events, which is dedicated to producing world-class celebrations of popular culture around the world with events like New York Comic Con, Oz Comic Con, Shanghai Comic Con, Star Wars Celebration among many others. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For more info about the event :</span></div>
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<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en-GB&q=http://www.comicconhyderabad.com/&source=gmail&ust=1471533400383000&usg=AFQjCNGR6olPM-inJuv-fHnO8_Onh2IO5Q" href="http://www.comicconhyderabad.com/" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.comicconhyderabad.c<wbr></wbr>om</span></a></div>
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<a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en-GB&q=http://www.facebook.com/comicconindia&source=gmail&ust=1471533400383000&usg=AFQjCNGNj6AxcAJaZpifM9mnqJruNylgrg" href="http://www.facebook.com/comicconindia" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">www.facebook.com/comicconindia</span></a></div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-74865338945507494512016-07-16T07:37:00.004-07:002016-07-16T07:42:46.417-07:00Chennai gets a taste of Comic-Con<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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sharp and witty:The workshop saw enthusiasts of comics coming forward with their work. —Photo: Special Arrangement</div>
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Comic creator Abhijeet Kini discusses how comic-making has changed over the years</h2>
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It has been quite sometime since the words “Zap!”, “Bam!”, “Pow!”, and “Ka-Boom!” in comics were replaced by their electronic counterparts — the special effects and the sound mixing — in superhero-animation-fantasy movies. But the good old art form has not been lost entirely as was evident from the encouraging participation in a recent Comic-Con-supported workshop in the city, the first of its kind here.</div>
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Organised by Comic-Con India and Saarang, the cultural festival of IIT Madras, the workshop saw a large turnout.</div>
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The workshop was conducted by renowned comic creator and illustrator Abhijeet Kini of <i style="outline: 0px;">Butterfingers</i>in Tinkle and <i style="outline: 0px;">Angry Maushi</i> of fame.</div>
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A fun, and casual session, much like the convention itself, the workshop saw many enthusiasts of comics coming forward with their work.</div>
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Mr. Abhijeet explained how the making of a comic strip works. Emphasising the importance of script-art harmony, he detailed how comic-making has changed over the years.</div>
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After his talk, he got the participants to make their own comics and urged them to share their works through social media and use hashtag such as #ComicCon, #ComicConIndia and #ComicBookCeleberationWeek so that Comic-Con India would respond with an event in Chennai itself.</div>
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Mr. Kini said: “Although comics form a great means of social reflection, the Indian socio-cultural situation is yet to provide a conducive environment for satire.”</div>
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An annual convention held in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad, Comic-Cons aim at expanding the pop culture scene in India.</div>
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Known for cosplaying, book releases, fandom merchandise sales, and celebrity presence, the event has a huge fan following across the country. With the rise of fan-following of pop-culture in Chennai, from<i style="outline: 0px;">The Man of Steel to Game of Thrones</i> to Harry Potter to Rajinikanth, the next big Comic-Con in India is almost here.</div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-20771020247669896502016-07-16T07:37:00.003-07:002016-07-16T07:39:10.811-07:00Telling stories in graphics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: FagoNoRegular-Roman; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px;">Unlike the West, graphic novels are not yet a recognisable genre in India. How then is Delhi-based Campfire Graphic Novels doing so well? Girija Jhunjhunwala, director, Campfire Graphic Novels, explains the scenario to Rahul Kumar.</span><br />
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While experts and stakeholders tend to look at the western market, especially the American market, to understand the potential of the Indian market, in reality, the Indian market has its own logic. It doesn’t necessarily follow the western model. This is especially true in the case of publishing.<br />
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Take graphic novels, for example. In North America, it is now a popular literary genre, free from the baggage of being labelled as ‘comics’. Comics are traditionally targeted at young readers. On the other hand, graphic novels are adult business, even if they deal with superheroes, zombies or mythic creatures. In North America, the graphic novel has a strong market, with publishers like Vertigo and DC Comics raking in the moolah and writers like Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman attaining mainstream popularity.<br />
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In India, on the other hand, it is still at a nascent stage. There have been several attempts since the publication of Orijit Sen’s <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">River of Stories</em> (1994) and Sarnath Banerjee’s <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Corridor</em> (2004), published by Penguin India. In the recent years, HarperCollins has published several graphic novel titles, including Amruta Patil’s <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Adi Parva</em> (2012) and Bharath Murthy’s <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Vanished Path</em> (2015). Another graphic novel currently in news is Banerjee’s <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">All Quiet in Vikaspuri</em> (2015).<br />
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A thread that connects all of these novels is their contemporary social consciousness. It seems Indian graphic novels are yet to embrace the myriad possibilities the genre affords. A combination of words and pictures, the format can be used in diverse ways, from social commentary to sheer entertainment.<br />
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Enter Campfire</strong><br />
One publishing venture is doing exactly this—setting readers’ imagination on fire. Campfire Graphic Novels publishes titles across four main categories, classics, mythology, biographies and history, and has more than 90 titles. The company has a tie-up with international publishers who bring out these books in ten international languages, including French, Portuguese, Egyptian, Korean, and Mongolian. In regional Indian languages, it has started publishing mythology titles in Bengali.<br />
In just eight years, Campfire has proved itself as an accomplished publisher of the genre, winning the Comic Con India Award for Best Graphic Novel four years running.<br />
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Girija Jhunjhunwala, director, Campfire Graphic Novels, explains the reasons. “Globally, reading as a habit is gradually dying. People don’t want to read. People don’t have the patience to read a few hundred pages,” she says. Here, the graphic novel comes to the rescue.<br />
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Explaining graphic novels</strong><br />
First, the important question, what is a graphic novel?<br />
One could say that a graphic novel is a more elaborate form of a comic book. It is a combination of graphics and text, says Jhunjhunwala. “Creating a book with graphics is a daunting task, but that is its appeal as well.”<br />
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She says, “There is a history of comics in India, initiated by Amar Chitra Katha, but we are one of the first Indian companies to focus on graphic novels exclusively.”</div>
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Of course, there is a difference between comics and graphic novels. According to Jhunjhunwala Graphic novels are a more serious form. “It may look like a comic book but the content in a graphic novel is usually text heavy. In a graphic novel, one must aim towards synchronising the graphics and the text for an entertaining and memorable reading experience. It has to be an amalgamation of both writing and art.”<br />
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Selling Steve Jobs</strong><br />
Away from the mythological domain of Amar Chitra Katha, Campfire’s titles take on other inspirations, such as William Shakespeare—<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Romeo</em> and <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Juliet, Julius Caesar</em> and <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Macbeth</em>—and other classic English novels. There are several biographies to choose from as well, including Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King Jr, Abraham Lincoln, and Nelson Mandela. Jhunjhunwala says that the company chose global personalities because Campfire’s books are sold world over, including Canada, the US, Europe, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia and South Africa.</div>
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“<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Steve Jobs: Genius by Design</em> is one of our most popular titles,” says Jhunjhunwala. “I have lost count of the number of print runs for this book. It has sold more than one lakh copies in the overseas market.”</div>
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Jhunjhunwala says the book is thoroughly researched and came out six months after Steve Jobs’ death. Another well-researched Campfire title is <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Gandhi: My Life is My Message</em>, which runs to about two hundred pages.</div>
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The book was launched at the Gandhi Smriti by Dr. Rajmohan Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi’s grandson, in 2013. He liked the script and found the graphic novel to be a unique medium to tell the Mahatma’s story. Reading a graphic novel is like watching a movie. The graphically elaborate content makes for an interesting and appealing read.</div>
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Of course, mythologies are not forgotten. All the usual suspects, such as Krishna, Draupadi and Sita are there. Jhunjhunwala argues that the stories, however, are told from a unique perspective. For example, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Mahabharata</em> is narrated from Draupadi’s point of view and The Ramayana is from Sita’s perspective.</div>
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So who decides what characters/ personalities make the cut? It is the story that matters, says Jhunjhunwala. “At Campfire, we believe a story should make the readers think. We don’t need to spell everything out. We invite readers to form their own interpretations,” she says.</div>
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How does a title come about anyway? “We generally outsource the content. Once we decide on a topic or a storyline, we commission a writer. If we find the synopsis and storyline acceptable, we then go ahead with the script,” says Jhunjhunwala.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Family first</strong><br />
Campfire is a family run business. Jhunjhunwala’s father Keshav Thriani is the chairman and founder of the company.</div>
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“We wanted to give back to society,” Jhunjhunwala said about the motivation behind Campfire. “And now we are getting the next generation to read, with good stories that have been told innovatively. Our mission statement is ‘to entertain and<br />
educate young minds by creating unique illustrated books that recount stories of human values, arouse curiosity in the world around us, and inspire with tales of great deeds of unforgettable people’.”</div>
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Jhunjhunwala says the uniqueness of Campfire titles has found takers in the US and Europe, where graphic novels are read by young adults as well as more mature readers. Given their success in the overseas market, the company has international distributors for every territory and for every segment.</div>
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Since the books are targeted at young adults, and contain inspirational tales, the education sector, especially school libraries, is a major market for Campfire.<br />
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“Today, almost 15-20 of our titles are a part of the CBSE extra-curriculum study list. Thus, the books are not just recommended in schools or picked up by teachers, they are also recognised by education boards like the CBSE,” says Jhunjhunwala. She adds that 12 of their titles have been picked up by the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, an autonomous body under the government of India.<br />
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Thus, Jhunjhunwala believes the education market is recognising graphic novels as a tool to introduce children and reluctant readers to the habit of reading.<br />
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The business of books </strong><br />
We are in a growing market, says Jhunjhunwala. There is a strong tradition in place. However, today’s readers are looking for fresh and exciting material and this is where Campfire comes into the picture—endeavouring to tell the classics in a contemporary fashion. The stories are the same, but the way they are told and presented is different.<br />
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Jhunjhunwala is here because of her passion for books. “Creating books attracts me,” she says. “I came into publishing by chance… it just happened.” Today, she looks after the entire marketing of the company. “It’s not an easy business,” she says and gives an example. “We sell the same book in the US for USD 16 – whilst in India the price is INR 400.”<br />
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There are other challenges as well. According to her, art is one thing, but getting the nuances right, especially in a graphic biography where the story deals with historical characters, is a tough job. Details are extremely important in a book that deals with history. The look, the architecture, the colour and the clothes need to be correct and specific. To achieve historical accuracy and the right kind of art for a book takes time, says Jhunjhunwala. “A good chunk of the time goes in research. It takes about six to eight months to render a hundred-page book,” she says.</div>
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Jhunjhunwala says that in the beginning, things looked tough. It was hard to find the right kind of people to write the stories or draw the panels. Now, she is hopeful for the future. “We have a lot of talent, but to groom them, we need time,” she says.<br />
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The books are printed in India, but are not available in physical bookstores because, as Jhunjhunwala argues, the genre is yet to find a niche in India. Yet, she feels that the popularity is growing.</div>
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The company puts up stalls at book fairs and Comic Cons, and over the years has seen a rise in the number of visitors.</div>
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The books are available on Campfire’s website www.campfire.co.in as well as other online retail sites.</div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-44646613635636701422016-07-16T07:32:00.003-07:002016-07-16T07:32:48.237-07:00New Set from yali Dream Creations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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New Set From Yali Dream Creations Now Available For Order</h1>
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Yali Dream Creations have released the new set of comics, introducing their first superhero comics project <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rakshak. </em>The set also includes omnibus edition of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Carvan: Khooni Jung </em>and <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">TnT (Taraknath Tantrik): Andher Nagari Part 1, </em>which are the hindi translated issues of Carvan Bloodwar and TnT City of Sorrows. The set is available for order from <a class="orange" href="http://comicsreel.com/new-set-yali-dream-creations-now-available-order/yalidreamcreations.com/shop/" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">YDC Official Website</a> on heavy discounts and with free art cards as well. The set starts shipping from July 15.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Rakshak</span></div>
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Rakshak is the story of a war hero Retired Captain Aditya Shergill who returns to his home in Delhi after his final mission in Kashmir, to live with her prodigal sister and her family. After a horrible incident that shatters his family, Aditya takes up the responsibility to protect the weak and defenseless, and become their <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rakshak.</em></div>
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Rakshak marks the entry of YDC in superhero comics domain. The first series of Rakshak will consist of 3 issues. The story and script is written by Shamik Dasgupta, pencils by Pramit Santra and colors by Prasad Patnaik.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Carvan: Khooni Jung</span></div>
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Khooni Jung is a prequel to The Carvan, which was released last year in hindi. The story of Khooni Jung is set in the year 1976 and revolves around the revenge of Madhurakshi from the Bhediya Khan. Bhediya Khan attacked her village <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Devgarh,</em> and shattered her family, honor and respect. Madhurakshi knows that Bhediya Khan is a barbarian, to fight with daemons she calls for daemons and the blood war begins.</div>
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Khooni Jung is coming as a mega omnibus edition in hindi and with many arts reworked for the hindi issue. Translation and lettering is done by Vibhav Pandey.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">TnT (Taraknath Tantrik): Andher Nagari</span></div>
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Based on a character created by Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay (Pather Panchali, Aranyak) Taranath Tantrik is a supernatural thriller on the backdrop of the enigmatic and mystical city of present time Kolkata. Paranormal Investigator Taranath Tantrik and his three young friends Shankar, a CID officer, Vibhuti, a horror novelist and Sneha a Journalist get involved in a series of mysterious insanity outbreaks that plagues the city police and baffles the health department.</div>
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TnT Andher Nagari will come in two parts, translation and lettering for hindi issues is done by Vibhav Pandey.</div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-5569951346048580892016-07-01T05:24:00.000-07:002016-07-01T05:32:56.216-07:00Ms Marvel Kamala Khan's origin story set in India's partition!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Marvel's latest offering that traces the origins of Kamala Khan, a Pakistani-American Muslim superheroine, shows her parents migration from <a class="storyTags" href="http://www.business-standard.com/search?type=news&q=India" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">India </a>to <a class="storyTags" href="http://www.business-standard.com/search?type=news&q=Pakistan" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2591dc; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Pakistan </a>during the turbulent partition era.<br />
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With their latest comic, Marvel traces the roots of Kamala, the superheroine from New Jersey, and it dates back to India's partition in 1947.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;">Kamala is a fictional superheroine appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;">The first few pages of the new comic have recently been released and they show Kamala's parents, Kareem and Aisha, as Indian Muslims in the then 'Bombay' in 1947 when the largest human migration in history was underway. They are en route to the newly-found Pakistan. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;">The appearance of the characters -- bold gold bangles and shalwar kameez paired with a dupatta -- depicts the Muslims of the subcontinent, the Express Tribune reported. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;">Kamala's parents are anticipating her birth as her mother asks God for a sign that will reassure her of her child's safe future in Pakistan. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;">Created by editors Sana Amanat and Stephen Wacker, writer G Willow Wilson and artist Adrian Alphona, Kamala is Marvel's first Muslim character to headline her own comic book. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;">Kamala made her first appearance in Captain Marvel #14 (August 2013) before taking over the Ms Marvel comic book series in February 2014.</span></div>
Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-35383822030820429212016-06-30T05:38:00.002-07:002016-06-30T05:38:57.670-07:00Maruti Suzuki Alto Comic Book Celebration Week’<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India to Celebrate the First ever </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Maruti Suzuki Alto Comic Book Celebration Week</span><span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f6b26b; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Presented by Comic Con India & Powered by ReadWhere</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #ffd966; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DOWNLOAD COMICS SAMPLERS FOR FREE FROM 4th & 10th JULY 2016!</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiM1Lm8UlGognLPAn5vnz5cZUzKZ_gqim90dtZ8qz_BXNipwXTT-HRAHoKOahalFZB7N2IUugUqDZsaozd-wR8hZWy-_nLo2aGdJQhrGdJ3KoNQ0IdSdpswJLDl_R7MTQy0loHLwec0dvX/s1600/33a8763c-28dd-45be-b167-e07f56011679.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiM1Lm8UlGognLPAn5vnz5cZUzKZ_gqim90dtZ8qz_BXNipwXTT-HRAHoKOahalFZB7N2IUugUqDZsaozd-wR8hZWy-_nLo2aGdJQhrGdJ3KoNQ0IdSdpswJLDl_R7MTQy0loHLwec0dvX/s640/33a8763c-28dd-45be-b167-e07f56011679.jpg" width="409" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Enjoy a full week of free digital comics (samplers) from leading Indian publishers </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Download them straight on your Desktop, Phone or Tablet (iOs & Android Store)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India, June 28th’ 2016</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Gear up to celebrate the First ever </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Comic Book Celebration Week </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> presented by Comic Con India & powered by ReadWhere</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">July 4th & 10th’ 2016. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comics enthusiasts and</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fans can download a host of Indian Comic book samplers for free straight on their Desktop, Phone or Tablet (iOs & Android Store) from any part of the country. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8CaNQFjEAwu25dtk9Q0ZhY7vJsVvuLMs98Qz4nPi0Dq1xQnYu2AAhhBYqHPnHvv64EdlEDiNG5CsFKCBZBB6oR5HX6LoGIwpnewvDGbEE_zaUwsMqb20pwTy7dTD2-K31PvjLyq9EM2i-/s1600/dbd366cd-9d22-4fa7-91cf-469440747164.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8CaNQFjEAwu25dtk9Q0ZhY7vJsVvuLMs98Qz4nPi0Dq1xQnYu2AAhhBYqHPnHvv64EdlEDiNG5CsFKCBZBB6oR5HX6LoGIwpnewvDGbEE_zaUwsMqb20pwTy7dTD2-K31PvjLyq9EM2i-/s640/dbd366cd-9d22-4fa7-91cf-469440747164.jpg" width="414" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The main publishers participating in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Comic Book Week </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">are </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amar Chitra Katha, Chariot Comics, Graphic India, Abhijeet Kini, Campfire Graphic Novels, Holy Cow Entertainment, Meta Desi Comics, Saumin Patel, Shamik Dasgupta and many more.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India started</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> an initiative called </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Free Comic Book Weekend’ </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in the year 2013, with an aim to expand the scope and access of comics across India. Alto </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Book Celebration Week </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is the extension of the same initiative, with a week long celebration of comics & lot more activities for fans. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Online digital content marketplace </span><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en-GB&q=http://www.readwhere.com/&source=gmail&ust=1467371820494000&usg=AFQjCNHcWIFWKs_sX5xuFvDVvXZnbgabAg" href="http://www.readwhere.com/" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Readwhere</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.com</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> has been partnering with Comic Con India since the very beginning to promote this initiative and allow comics enthusiasts download Indian comics for free. This year also, Readwhere.com will be providing the platform to serve free digital comics sampler to fans across India. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRYTnZd3pvO6T7thRdvbVAgMuMrNTpC0rmyikkUOntxxGQVsyxfDCjjnA-Xd9ZDcgtJsw2raMI23lO3JAclUatYiwcZTVvcZ6IWLeXky6pht3a9fEgrXrCykNVV1G0kU8QtEpjHR0RMRH/s1600/4d5e0fe9-d329-42dd-b983-8ce8e7750ca7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRYTnZd3pvO6T7thRdvbVAgMuMrNTpC0rmyikkUOntxxGQVsyxfDCjjnA-Xd9ZDcgtJsw2raMI23lO3JAclUatYiwcZTVvcZ6IWLeXky6pht3a9fEgrXrCykNVV1G0kU8QtEpjHR0RMRH/s640/4d5e0fe9-d329-42dd-b983-8ce8e7750ca7.jpg" width="472" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jatin Varma, Founder, Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> shared, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“I am extremely excited to flag off our latest initiative to promote Indian comics & creators and this year we have a week long celebration lined up! All thanks to the support from Maruti Suzuki ALTO. We are bringing the latest & the best in Indian comics to fans across the country, in return we hope they will support their local creators and not only download the free comics but also purchase them! Additionally, we have tons of awesome contests & giveaways each from 4th July to 10th July! So, Keep Calm & Read and Buy Lots of Comics! .”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During this week, fans can download free comics samplers and participate in digital activities like </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fan Art Contest </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">where fans can upload their art and the winner will get a chance to showcase his/her art at</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Alto Hyderabad Comic Con </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fan Meme Contest </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">where fans can upload memes and the winner will get a brand </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">new Tablet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. (The winners for both these activities will be decided via public voting and internal judging. Fans can also vote for their favorite artwork/memes and increase their chances of winning.)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There will also be </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trivia Contests,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> where fans can indulge themselves in daily fun contests with a new theme everyday. Winners will get awesome prizes like merchandise, graphic novels, Comic Books etc from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Random house India, Planet Superheroes, Simon & Schuster, HarperCollins and Hachette India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> will also host an section called</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Know your creators, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a dedicated section where people can know more about all popular Indian Creators and publishers taking part in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Comic Book Celebration Week. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(All these digital activities will be conducted on the dedicated Comic Con India, microsite for Alto Comic Book Celebration Week.)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This year, the titles featured at </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Readwhere</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> will be </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">VRICA: Ascension Protocol, Angry Maushi: Heavy Metal, Holy Hell 1, Rakshak, Kaamotsav, Elephant Stories, Birbal, Suppandi 7, Shambhu 7, Beatles, DC Superhero Girls Finals Crisis, Avatar EX, Aghori, Ravanayan, Shaitaan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and many more. Users can download these samplers for free and full comic book will be available at very reasonable price with attractive cashback to receive in the readwhere wallet.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fans can download, purchase the comics via Web (</span><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en-GB&q=http://www.readwhere.com/&source=gmail&ust=1467371820494000&usg=AFQjCNHcWIFWKs_sX5xuFvDVvXZnbgabAg" href="http://www.readwhere.com/" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.readwhere.com</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) So fans get set, the process for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Comic Book Celebration Week 2016 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">will go live on </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Monday 4th July at 12 AM</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and will conclude on </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sunday 10th July</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India is a unique event celebrating the illustrated medium, which brings together the whole comics industry and related fields such as Merchandise, Toys, Games, Films and Animation, along with fans of this culture from all age groups. It has now grown to multiple events across the country. The mission has now evolved to create unique pop culture events and engage with fans all across the country.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The properties include </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi Comic Con, Mumbai Comic Con, Bangalore Comic Con & Hyderabad Comic Con.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Along with a traveling property - </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con Express</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which was last held in Pune in 2016.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India (CCI) took a big leap as they recently (In September 2014)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> announced a joint venture with</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Reed Exhibitions</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; part of the FTSE listed </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reed Elsevier Group</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, to grow the pop culture space in India and bring world class events to Indian fans. The Comic Con India team will now work closely with the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ‘ReedPOP’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> division of Reed Exhibitions, the largest producer of pop culture events in the world.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">With this JV in place, CCI enters the burgeoning ReedPOP portfolio of pop culture events which includes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New York Comic Con, PAX, the Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo, Oz Comic-Con, Singapore Toy, Gaming & Comics Convention and Star Wars Celebration</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> among many others.</span></div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-65197867091643993052016-06-28T12:10:00.000-07:002016-06-28T12:10:24.608-07:00"Scions of the cursed King" <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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"Scions of the cursed King" गाथा है एक शापित राजा की जो नाग-मानवों द्वारा शापित है, सिंहासन का प्रत्येक उत्तराधिकारी राजा बनने से पूर्व या तो मर जाता है या मारा जाता है! उन्हीं में से एक वंशज है "अथ्मिका" जो इस श्राप को अन्धविश्वास मानकर इसका सामना करने की ठान लेती है! और अपनी इस लड़ाई में उसका खतरनाक एवं रोमांचक सफ़र शुरू होता है...यह कहानी है अथ्मिका के आत्मपरिवर्तन की और उसके सिद्धि की जो उसे सर्वोत्तम वंशज बनाती है।</div>
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इसे अपने रिस्क पर पढ़ें क्योंकि यह आपको दहला सकती है, यह बेहद डार्क एवं खून से लतपत ग्राफ़िक नोवेल है...तो बच्चे और कमजोर दिल वाले दूर इससे रहें...इसका प्रथम भाग "ग्रीष्म" हमारी साईट पर बिलकुल मुफ्त में उपलब्ध है तो अभी जाकर पढ़ें इस लिंक से -</div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-31315117725455626562016-06-26T03:34:00.001-07:002016-06-26T03:34:37.794-07:00Reading urban dystopia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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One of the most iconic images that even non-comic aficionados are familiar with, is that of Batman perched on a gargoyle, looking down at Gotham City. “It’s a bird’s eye… a god’s eye view of the city,” says lawyer and writer Lawrence Liang. “But it’s also how a city planner would look at the city.” It’s a very different perspective than the one in <i style="outline: 0px;">The Walking Man</i> by Jirō Taniguchi, pointed out Liang, in which the Manga comic’s protagonist takes a walk around his city. “He takes the time to look around,” he adds. “You experience temporality through that. It’s a contrasting view from the one Batman has of Gotham City – there’s a distinction in seeing a city from the top and walking it.” These are just some of the discussions that participants can look forward to at “Comics and the Urban Imagination”, a four-day course that explores the representation of cities in comics and graphic novels.</div>
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Liang will be in Mumbai to teach the course as part of ‘Scaffolds, Layouts and Palimpsests’ at the School of Environment and Architecture (SEA). Participants will be introduced to a slew of international and Indian comics via the tropes of architecture, dystopia and labyrinths. Apart from offering an understanding of comics and graphic novels, the course aims to explore the role of the image and the imagination in shaping urban form. The course, according to SEA website, will examine the intersection of comics and the imagination of the city, in terms of representation and how architectural concepts may offer a new way of understanding the formal properties of comics.</div>
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Although Liang is best known for his work at the Alternative Law Forum in Bengaluru, of which he is the co-founder, he is also a film and media scholar. “I have been reading comics seriously for quite some time now,” he says. “I have always had an interest in visual culture.” According to Liang, when it comes to the visual archives of the city, both photography and cinema have been extensively mined for their ability to capture an experience. “As archives of the city, they are both intentional and unintentional,” he says. “If you look at cinema, you are often shooting on location. You capture more than what you intend to – the ambience and the archive of the city at a particular time.” Further, today’s selfie-happy culture, people are constantly taking photographs. “Rather than seeing better, there is a visual blindness,” he adds.</div>
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Which is one of the reasons that Liang is drawn to comics – while a photograph is taken, a drawing is made, creating a representation of the urban space. “What you leave or include becomes more acute in a drawing,” he says.</div>
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While landscapes are intrinsic to comic books, cityscapes are predominant in many of the narratives. No matter what their origin, superheroes have made mega cities – real and fiction – their homes and the base to fight crimes from. Phantom may feel left out, but urban landscapes are pretty much inherent to the aesthetics of comic books now. The form also gives the space to create allegorical cities, and to reinterpret the future of the cities, in all their utopian and dystopian possibilities. “The history of the city is essential to the narrative imagination of a comic,” explians Liang. “Like Batman and Gotham City. It creates a perceptual archive.”</div>
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Liang adds that there has always been a strong linkage between architecture and comics. Graphic novels and comics give free reign to the architectural imagination, making urban centres the protagonist of the narrative at times. Chris Ware’s <i style="outline: 0px;">Building Stories</i> is one such book about the people who live in a three-level building in Chicago. It comes as a box containing 14 little books, some made from cloth, some paper. “Chris Ware slows down the action,” says Liang. “Very little happens, but there are so many images. It slows you down, to take in the minute and intricate detailing. In <i style="outline: 0px;">Building Stories</i>, the protagonist is the building.” Then there’s <i style="outline: 0px;">Les Cités Obscures</i> by Belgian comics’ artist François Schuiten and writer Benoît Peeters. Schuiten studied architecture and his education serves as a firm foundation for the surreal, metaphysical landscapes he conjures up here.</div>
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Liang points out the different approaches that comic book artists and writers can take while reinterpreting the city within their panels. For instance, in the Tintin books, he explains the landscape is elaborately researched. “The designs of the beams and the chairs, [Hergé] used archival material, a historical approach,” he elaborates. Science-fiction comics use the future approach, the narratives reflecting the anxieties and hopes of a city as a shared living experience.</div>
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As urbanscapes take over our literary, cinematic, and every day imagination, the phenomenon is also symptomatic to our idea of progress and development – vertical, shiny, and sleek like the cities in the pages of these graphic novels. In sharp contrast is the idea of wilderness, rural landscapes, and other unfamiliar spaces. This is an idea cleverly encompassed in <i style="outline: 0px;">The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil</i> by Stephen Collins. The monochromatic graphic novel tells the story of Dave, who lives in an island called Here, where everything is perfect. Liang says that in Here, the city is imagined as a seamless space – a perfect realisation of modern planning. In contrast is the mayhem of There, a place of supposed chaos and fear. “It’s a space full of incredible anxiety and fear,” says Liang. “The contrast plays out interestingly, when aspects of There start emerging Here.” <i style="outline: 0px;">The Gigantic Beard</i> may be fiction, but it the neurotic fear and anxiety it depicts, is familiar and eerily real.</div>
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<i style="outline: 0px;">The author writes about education for sustainable development, conservation, and food security. She’s the former editor of Time Out Bengaluru</i></div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-33366051999910150292016-06-23T08:18:00.002-07:002016-06-23T08:23:37.862-07:00How Amar Chitra Katha is going back to the future<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4oWmnaAqV70gzaCql9oY0IUkr1o0Err4FG0IVeS7qP4RImMdLoW8O2m8HTNgQds4tcC5wCAu8dbewdGQJBpmUfkwotsDnkeWbSB7WQWN7bLj21qu6tONTBLYEhASHN32rnY5i1tFZsv-X/s1600/josh_blog_20160307054522_150x113.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4oWmnaAqV70gzaCql9oY0IUkr1o0Err4FG0IVeS7qP4RImMdLoW8O2m8HTNgQds4tcC5wCAu8dbewdGQJBpmUfkwotsDnkeWbSB7WQWN7bLj21qu6tONTBLYEhASHN32rnY5i1tFZsv-X/s1600/josh_blog_20160307054522_150x113.jpg" /></a> <b> Jasodhara Banerjee</b></div>
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ne of the most enduring tales within the Amar Chitra Katha (ACK) family is that of founder Anant Pai, sitting among children, reading from one of the much-loved comic books, and enthralling his young audiences. It is, therefore, fitting that as ACK prepares to celebrate its golden jubilee next year, it is in the process of retracing its steps to what Pai held close to his heart, and was so good at—old-fashioned story-telling.<br />
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Coming up over the next year will be a series of events held across several malls in different cities, which will seek to recreate Uncle Pai’s (as the comic’s creator is fondly known) story-telling sessions. Malls may seem like an unlikely venue for Pai’s gathering of schoolchildren, but not only are they the modern-day spaces for community activities, ACK also has the backing of one of India’s largest retailers: Kishore Biyani’s Future Group bought a minority stake in ACK Media in March 2011, followed by a majority stake in July 2011. (Elephant Capital holds the minority stake.)<br />
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Those within the company point to Biyani’s attempts at producing films—<em>Na Tum Jaano Na Hum</em> (2002), starring Hrithik Roshan, Saif Ali Khan and Esha Deol—as indicative of his inclination towards creative ventures. But, creativity apart, the founder and group CEO of Future Group, which owns hypermarket chain Big Bazaar, is also said to have a deep love for everything Indian. And what can be more Indian than Amar Chitra Katha, which has also been published in more than 36 languages and distributed in 12 countries.<br />
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“We are thinking of a big mela where we create an environment of fun and storytelling,” says Anuraag Agarwal, head of strategy, mergers and acquisitions at Future Group, who has been the interim CEO at ACK for the past six months. “We plan to have workshops with parents and children; there will be a character parade, ACK selfies and the trademark ACK Quiz.”<br />
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The event is representative of ACK’s efforts to go back to the basics—tell stories and engage with their readers—after having meandered for a bit in its quest to stay relevant. “Over the last few years, there were some efforts to enter the animation sector, and go on to digital platforms,” says Agarwal, speaking of the two films—<em>Tripura</em>(2011, premiered on Cartoon Network) and <em>Sons of Ram</em> (2012, released in theatres)—the YouTube channel and the app launched by ACK Media. “But there was not enough push within the company to make these a success. We also learnt some things along the way: Such as, a lot of children don’t really have access to apps, and a lot of parents would rather have their children read books than sit with an electronic device. So we are focusing on our books once again.”<br />
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It would be interesting to see what this renewed focus does to a product that, without any marketing push, has managed to sell an average of 5 lakh copies every month since 2013-2014. This shift in approach, however, has meant a rejig within the Future Group departments that have been trimmed—many of ACK’s old-timers are no longer with the company—to make them more agile, to flatten the hierarchy within teams and increase interactivity between them. Agarwal himself divides his time between handling mergers and acquisitions, and managing ACK, a job that he seems to thoroughly enjoy. “Where else can you read comic books as part of your job?” he laughs.<br />
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Agarwal says there is a “contra-trend” among readers who want their children to read more of Indian content rather than Western. “People want their children to be familiar with their roots,” he says.<br />
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This is exactly what had prompted Uncle Pai to start Amar Chitra Katha in the first place. The legend goes that Pai, who passed away in 2011 at the age of 81, and his wife Lalita were walking along Delhi’s Karol Bagh area when they came across a shop where a quiz show was being telecast on TV, still a novelty in India. As they joined the small crowd gathered outside the shop to watch the programme, the quizmaster asked: “Who is the Greek god of the seas?” One of the teams answered, “Poseidon.” However, the next question—“Who is Ram’s mother?”—stumped the participants.<br />
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Pai saw such uncertainty about India’s mythology in his nephews and nieces too. He realised that youngsters in India were growing up on a diet of Western culture and information, and remained oblivious to the riches of India’s mythology, heroes and legends. Thus began his lifelong endeavour to tell the country’s greatest stories to its children.<br />
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“Whatever ACK is, is because of the vision of Uncle Pai,” says Reena I Puri, executive editor of ACK Media, and a 25-year veteran of the company. “He did not start it as a money-making enterprise. He wanted to reach out to the children of the country through our story-telling heritage.”<br />
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Pai had worked with the books division of Bennett Coleman & Co, when they had launched Mandrake and Phantom under the Indrajal Comics series in 1964. With the urge to start a series on Indian comics, he approached the Mirchandanis of India Book House (publishers and distributors of books and magazines since 1952), who agreed to become distributors of Pai’s comic books. Thus, Amar Chitra Katha was born in Mumbai in 1967. “They agreed to give Uncle Pai a space to work in and also promised to print what he created, although, at that time, they did not pay him a salary,” says Puri. The first title to be published—scripted by Pai, and illustrated by another much-revered name, Ram Waeerkar—was <em>Krishna</em>, in 1970.</div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-37985516572291351042016-06-22T03:08:00.000-07:002016-06-22T03:15:56.971-07:00Maruti Suzuki Alto named presenting sponsor of Comic Con India for the year 2016<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 18.6667px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maruti Suzuki Alto named presenting sponsor of Comic Con India for the year 2016<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The shows include Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore & Hyderabad Comic Con 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maruti Suzuki Alto will also be a part of the 3 key special events Comic Con India will host this year entitled “Comic Book Celebration Week, Indian Championship of Cosplay & Comic Con India Awards”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">India, 22 June 2016:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is pleased to announce </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maruti Suzuki Alto </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">as the presenting sponsor of</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> all the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India shows this calendar year </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">which includes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hyderabad. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is dedicated to expanding India's popular culture by creating high profile events that cater to fans of not only comics, but also, gaming, movies, television, merchandise, toys & more. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is part of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reedpop</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> family of events, which is dedicated to producing world-class celebrations of popular culture around the world with events like </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New York Comic Con, Oz Comic Con, Shanghai Comic Con, Star Wars Celebration</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> among many others. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India (CCI) shows attracted over</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 1,50,000 visitors across 5 cities in FY 2015-16</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, they are among the biggest consumer events in the country. CCI has become the the hottest platform for brands to engage with young consumers. Attracting the key demographic between 18-36 year olds and giving some of the best fan experiences in the country. The CCI visitors are not only eager consumers of the latest & the best, but they are also influencers and trendsetters for content, products & services in the country. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tapping into this energy has become key for youth-oriented brands and therefore natural fit for a brand such as </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ALTO</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mr. Jatin Varma, Founder, Comic Con India, states, “</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As our shows evolve and become THE places for celebrating popular culture, we looked towards finding brands who would partner with us in this endeavour as well as understand the value of our platform. With Maruti Suzuki - Alto we certainly have found the right partner and i am truly excited in having them on-board for our journey this year!</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mr. Vinay Pant, Associate Vice President, Marketing, Maruti Suzuki India, said,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto is a brand for the younger generation who believe in chasing their dreams and passion. Comic Con is one such platform where such youngsters meet up and share their love for comics. We found a great synergy between Comic Con India and Alto. Alto is associated with Comic Con for over a year now and the response has been very encouraging. We saw very high engagement rating with the target audience and the user generated content was exceptionally high. This year too we aim to reach out more youngsters, engage and establish connect right from the beginning.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Besides the main events, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maruti Suzuki Alto </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">will be a part of the 3 key special events Comic Con India will host this year entitled </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Comic Book Celebration Week, Indian Championship of Cosplay & Comic Con India Awards.” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These national properties will extend the reach of the main shows, specially focusing on Artists, Writers & Cosplayers.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over and above the mentioned activities, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> plans to do over </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">30 Fan Meet ups and celebration Nights</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> throughout the year to engage with the fans on a regular basis. Alto will be a prominent part of all such celebrations throughout the year and will add a lot of value to the fan experience. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FYI: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Save the dates</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Hyderabad Comic Con - 24-25th Sept 2016</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Mumbai Film & Comic Con - 22-23rd Oct 2016</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Bangalore Comic Con - 12-13th Nov 2016</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alto Delhi Comic Con - 9-11th Dec 2016.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">About Comic Con India</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India is a unique event celebrating the illustrated medium, which brings together the whole comics industry and related fields such as Merchandise, Toys, Games, Films and Animation, along with fans of this culture from all age groups. It has now grown to multiple events across the country. The mission has now evolved to create unique pop culture events and engage with fans all across the country.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The properties include </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Delhi Comic Con, Mumbai Comic Con, Bangalore Comic Con & Hyderabad Comic Con.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Along with a traveling property - </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con Express</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which was last held in Pune in 2016.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Comic Con India (CCI) took a big leap as they recently (In September 2014)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> announced a joint venture with</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Reed Exhibitions</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">; part of the FTSE listed </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reed Elsevier Group</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, to grow the pop culture space in India and bring world class events to Indian fans. The Comic Con India team will now work closely with the</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ‘ReedPOP’</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> division of Reed Exhibitions, the largest producer of pop culture events in the world.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">With this JV in place, CCI enters the burgeoning ReedPOP portfolio of pop culture events which includes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New York Comic Con, PAX, the Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo, Oz Comic-Con, Singapore Toy, Gaming & Comics Convention and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Star Wars</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Celebration</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13.3333px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> among many others.</span></div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-53843155160860348912016-06-11T03:35:00.002-07:002016-06-11T03:35:24.925-07:00Flying in from Sri Lanka for a taste of Tex in Tamil<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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V Subramanya lost his collection of comic books during the Lankan war Ashwin Prasath</div>
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CHENNAI: It is not everyday that one decides to take a flight to another country to buy Tamil comic books at a book fair. Meet V Subramanya, a 65-year-old from Jaffna, Sri Lanka, who loves his comic books and has visited the Bapasi Book Fair in the city after a gap of three years.</div>
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“I have been reading them for over 25 years, but during the war I lost most of my collection and am now trying to get them back.” Dressed in a simple lungi and shirt, Subramanya speaks in his heavily accented Sri Lankan Tamil. “I was in a refugee camp for two years. My favourites are Tex and tiger comics.</div>
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Tex is a comic book sold across Europe, the story of a crime fighting cowboy set in early 20th Century America. The Tamil translated version is sold in the State by Muthu Comics. “We have been selling comics from 1974. There is a special crowd for comics. Tex is like MGR; he has fans in France, Belgium, and England, we translate the books to Tamil,” said R Ganesh, who manages the stall at the book fair. “We first started with Irumbukai Mayavi comics but Tex comics overtook the sales.”</div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-45682897186211303902016-06-11T03:34:00.000-07:002016-06-11T03:34:57.873-07:00Chakra: The Invincible:’ an end to Bollywood’s superheroes?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Created by the legendary Stan Lee, ‘Chakra: The Invincible’ first appeared in comic book form in 2011, and was excitedly referred to as Lee’s first “Indian superhero”." class="img-responsive" src="http://www.livemint.com/rf/Image-621x414/LiveMint/Period2/2016/06/09/Photos/Processed/chakra-kuQ--621x414@LiveMint.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;" title="Created by the legendary Stan Lee, ‘Chakra: The Invincible’ first appeared in comic book form in 2011, and was excitedly referred to as Lee’s first “Indian superhero”." /></div>
<figcaption style="color: #575757; font-family: 'Roboto Slab', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px auto 20px; padding: 0px; width: auto;">Created by the legendary Stan Lee, ‘Chakra: The Invincible’ first appeared in comic book form in 2011, and was excitedly referred to as Lee’s first “Indian superhero”.</figcaption><div class="story-content" style="float: right; font-family: 'Roboto Slab', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; width: 450px;">
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It opens with an animated shot of a Mumbai street. It’s summer. People are sweating profusely, a lone stray dog drinking muddy water from a puddle. The next shot takes us to the skies above, where our superhero, Chakra (real name Raju Rai), flies by, surveying his city. He’s a boy dressed in a tight, blue jumpsuit, with a shiny sun symbol on his chest. The villain of this altercation is Thandai, an eccentric school teacher with the ability to control ice. Their battle ensues, with Thandai flinging snowballs at our hero, and him responding with his signature move, which involves (no points for guessing) activating his<i>Surya Chakra</i>. He saves the residents of Mumbai from Thandai’s ice, leaving them in the face-melting humidity once again.</div>
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Created by the legendary Stan Lee—you know, the man who co-created Spiderman, Hulk, Thor, Iron Man, the X-Men, ad infinatum, and who makes a fleeting appearance in every single Marvel movie— and Graphic India’s CEO Sharad Devarajan, <i>Chakra: The Invincible</i>first appeared in comic book form in 2011, and was excitedly referred to as Lee’s first “Indian superhero”. The comic book was followed by an animated film which aired on Cartoon Network India in 2013. The animation isn’t groundbreaking, and because they didn’t bother using Indian English speakers for dubbing, <i>Chakra</i> (pronounced Chalk-ruh) ends up sounding more like a Californian than a Mumbaiker. However, in addition to being a children’s character, Chakra was created by Lee with the hopes of expanding the franchise, adding a live-action Bollywood film to the existing videos and comics. Fast forward to April this year, and the companies behind <i>Chakra</i> (Lee’s POW! Entertainment and Devarajan’s Graphic India) have announced that they’ve found their director, Phantom Films’ Vikramaditya Motwane (<i>Udaan</i>,<i> Lootera</i>). Lee, Devarajan and Motwane are currently working on the screenplay, and will begin production late 2016-2017.</div>
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Stepping out of animation and into live action broadens the target demographic from children to entire families, and to accommodate for this, they’ve tinkered with the story a little. In Lee’s version, Raju Rai, a child tech whiz, teams up with his mentor, Dr. Singh, to create a suit that activates the <i>chakras</i> in the body, unlocking supernatural powers. For Bollywood, the child has been replaced with a young man in his 20s, who’ll be fighting villains in Mumbai.</div>
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Lee is brave for venturing out of America, the veritable land of superheroes. This is by no means an understatement, with the character of Superman having been penned before India even gained independence, and the Marvel cinematic universe, which includes<i>Spider Man</i>, <i>The Avengers</i>, <i>Guardians of the Galaxy</i> and the like, raking in north of $10 billions in the global box office.</div>
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Our on-screen superheroes, both old and new, have never held the interest of the masses the American way. The first truly successful on-screen superhero was Shaktimaan, whose acts of valour were watched by many Indian households from 1997 till 2005, with a total of 400 episodes aired by Doordarshan.</div>
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Our Indian superhero equivalents to Iron Man and Superman are—it is difficult even to say this— <i>Ra.One</i> and <i>Krrish</i>. Besides ripping off characters, superpowers, and sometimes entire sequences from Hollywood films, these movies offered little besides the star value that came with Shah Rukh Khan and a chunky Hrithik Roshan. Obviously, that was more than enough for them to succeed in the box office, grossing <span style="font-family: 'Utopia Std_Rupee';"><span class="WebRupee" style="font-family: WebRupee;">Rs.</span></span>250 and <span style="font-family: 'Utopia Std_Rupee';"><span class="WebRupee" style="font-family: WebRupee;">Rs.</span></span>300 crores respectively. Both <i>Ra.One</i>, and the two <i>Krrish</i> films, proudly spoke of their CGI and VFX work ahead of their respective releases. After watching them, I concluded that they looked more like an early 2000s video game than anything.</div>
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Given our rather fruitless and plagiarised on screen superhero past, why should we be optimistic about <i>Chakra: The Invincible?</i> There are two reasons. Yes, India hasn’t caught on to the global superhero craze, but I suspect that’s because we had enough superheroes before they were trendy. From the pre Vedic period (1750 BC) to the time of the early Puranas (200 BC-500 AD), India was the cradle for Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. We didn’t need heroes in spandex, because we had, and still have, fantastical gods with many avatars: deities who see all and know all, but whose tales are relatable and universal in import. This is why it’s no surprise that Shaktimaan’s character, Pandit Omkarnath Shastri, gained his superpowers through deep meditation and harnessing the power of the five elements of life (Panchabhuta), and that Chakra also channels his <i>chakras</i>, a similarly religious act, but through technology, a decidedly modern spin. The religious overtones of the story will attract audiences. The second cause for optimism comes from Lee and Devarajan’s decision to collaborate with Phantom Films. Co-owned by Motwane (and Anurag Kashyap, among others). Phantom Films has developed a reputation for thoughtful and unconventional cinema. Combining their unique lens with the global fame and experience brought by Lee could produce a superhero film that’ll take the genre in a new direction.</div>
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Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8470066992985167618.post-92081826412201614142016-06-11T03:31:00.000-07:002016-06-11T03:31:00.457-07:00Rohit Sharma launches first superhero cricket graphic novel 'Hyper Tygers' <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">New Delhi: In a treat for his fans, India's star batsman Rohit Sharma will be seen in a superhero avatar in the digital comic series titled "Hyper Tygers" launched on Thursday (June 9). The explosive Indian opener said on the release of the comic book that he took the leap from the sports world to the creative field as "it marries" his concerns with his "passion". However, he doesn't feel that it marks his entry into the entertainment industry. Hyper Tygers Mumbai Indians skipper Rohit shared that he considers the comic series, launched in collaboration with Graphic India, Britain-based ISM Komix and Cornerstone Sport, as a bridge to "reach out to" his fans. Hyper Tygers is touted as the world's first superhero cricket team that plays futuristic 'Hyper Cricket' to save the environment, their village, and the world. "If you care about your future and the future of your kids, then now is the time to take action and go green - I have always believed this. This opportunity immediately appealed to me. It marries my concerns with my passion, and the fit was unbeatable," Rohit said. "I do not view it so much as me entering the entertainment industry at all, but more in the light of - I can now use this medium to reach out to my fan base and share messaging that I care about, with a positive outcome for the planet," Rohit added. The "Hyper Tygers" e-books are available on DailyHunt starting June 9 and can be accessed free of charge for the first two weeks, after which each chapter will be priced at Rs 10. A new chapter of "Hyper Tygers" will be released every week. What role do you think comics play in sending out a social message? "I think that all media has the ability to communicate messages, no matter if it's TV, cinema, theatre or books. 'Hyper Tygers' as a comic book and an animated series (on digital platforms) is uniquely positioned in a way that they reach out to an audience of all age groups and the massive world of cricket fans. If we can embed the idea of being champions for the environment in everybodyÂ's minds, then we can hope to make the world a better place for everyone," he said. "Hyper Tygers" is set in a futuristic India (in the year 2077) where technology is super-advanced. In fact, cricket has also been upgraded with a 'futuristic' twist for the series. The superheroes play 'Hyper Cricket' -- which infuses technology to the sport -- and Rohit feels that "by showing a world in which cricket idols are making a difference, we hope to create tremendous impact with the comic and show that everyone, no matter who they are, can make a difference". Calling it a "great" concoction, Rohit says it "has been a long time coming", adding that the story is at par with any "graphic novel on a global level". Xan Morgan, who was part of Prime Minister David Cameron's 2012 trade delegation to India, representing the environment and water from Britain, is the co-creator of the series. "Hyper Tygers" is also developing original storylines with British charity Elephant Family, founded by Mark Shand, brother of Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall. ISM Komix and Graphic India will also be planning a worldwide animation, digital video and gaming strategy around "Hyper Tygers". The cricketer feels "it is never too young to create an awareness for the preservation of the environment in a child's mind or anybody's mind. Today we need this more than we ever did." Rohit is considered to be a youth icon, and he says with the role comes responsibility to "inspire people". "I try to do that with my career and I hope to do that with the 'Hyper Tygers' comic and animated series. If people look to the example of the 'Hyper Tygers' to try to be the best at cricket while trying to be more environmentally conscious I'm confident we can make the world a better place sooner rather than later," he said. OneIndia News</span><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Read more at: </span><a href="http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/rohit-sharma-launches-superhero-cricket-graphic-novel-hyper-tygers-2123094.html" style="color: #0066cc; font-family: 'Open Sans', Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/rohit-sharma-launches-superhero-cricket-graphic-novel-hyper-tygers-2123094.html</a></div>
Santhalikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14216534227302309285noreply@blogger.com0